FUNDAMENTALS
IN MATHEMATICS
REAL NUMBERS:
Real numbers include all the numbers that
can be found on the number line.
This includes:
Natural numbers (1, 2, 3, …),
Whole numbers (0, 1, 2, …),
Integers (… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, …),
Rational numbers (fractions, decimals that
terminate or repeat),
Irrational numbers (non-repeating, non-
terminating decimals like π, √2).
Real numbers are used to measure
quantities like length, weight, and
temperature.
EXAMPLES:
1. 7 (a natural number, also a rational
number)
2. 0 (a whole number and rational)
3. -5 (an integer and rational)
4. 1.25 (a rational number)
5. √3 (an irrational number)
Subset of real number
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBER
RATIONAL vs IRRATIONAL Numbers
Density of Real Numbers
INTRODUCTION TO WHOLE NUMBERS
Whole numbers are a subset of real numbers
that include 0 and all the positive integers (1,
2, 3, …). They do not include fractions,
decimals, or negative numbers.
Whole numbers are the building blocks of
counting and basic arithmetic.
EXAMPLES:
1. O
2. 13
3. 100
4. 5,000
5. 42
OPERATIONS ON WHOLE NUMBER
The basic operations on whole numbers are:
----Addition
----Subtraction
----Multiplication
----Division (whole number results only)
These operations follow specific rules and
properties like the commutative, associative,
and distributive properties.
Examples:
Addition:
45 + 20 = 65
10 + 90 = 100
7 + 13 = 20
0 + 88 = 88
32 + 68 = 100
Subtraction:
90 - 25 = 65
100 - 40 = 60
50 - 20 = 30
70 - 0 = 70
33 - 13 = 20
Multiplication:
5 × 3 = 15
8 × 7 = 56
0 × 25 = 0
10 × 10 = 100
6 × 9 = 54
Division:
20 ÷ 5 = 4
100 ÷ 10 = 10
45 ÷ 9 = 5
72 ÷ 8 = 9
36 ÷ 6 = 6
ORDER OF OPERATIONS
PEMDAS stands for:
---Parentheses
---Exponents
---MD Multiplication and Division (left to right)
---AS Addition and Subtraction (left to right)
It’s a rule that tells us the correct order to evaluate a
math expression.
Examples
1. 2 + 3 x 4 = 2 + 12 = 14
2. (2 + 3) x 4 = 5 x 4 = 20
3. 8 + 12 / 3 = 8 + 4 = 12
4. 10 – 2 x (5 – 3) = 10 – 2 x 2 = 10 – 4 = 6
5. (6 + 4 / 2 = 100 / 2 = 50
APPLICATION PROBLEMS (WORLD PROBLEMS)
These problems require you to read, analyze, and apply basic
operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide) using whole numbers. They
reflect real-life scenarios such as counting money, measuring, or
distributing items.
Examples:
Addition:
Sarah has 35 apples. She buys 15 more. How many apples does
she have now?
→ 35 + 15 = 50 apples
Subtraction:
A basket had 80 oranges. 25 were taken out. How many are left?
→ 80 - 25 = 55 oranges
Multiplication:
There are 8 boxes. Each box contains 12 books. How many books
in total?
→ 8 × 12 = 96 books
Division:
72 candies are to be equally shared among 9 kids. How many
does each kid get?
→ 72 ÷ 9 = 8 candies
Multi-step problem (PEMDAS):
A classroom has 6 rows of desks with 5 desks in each. If 10 desks
are removed, how many are left?
→ (6 × 5) - 10 = 30 - 10 = 20 desks
ACTIVITY (REAL NUMBERS)
1. Which of the following sets includes all others?
A. Integers
B. Whole Numbers
C. Natural Numbers
D. Real Numbers
2. The sum of a rational and an irrational number is always:
A. Rational
B. Irrational
C. Whole
D. Integer
3. Which property is illustrated by:
a + 0 = a?
A. Associative Property
B. Identity Property of Addition
C. Distributive Property
D. Inverse Property
4. Which of the following is a correct classification of the number:
square root of 49?
A. Irrational
B. Rational and Integer
C. Rational but not Integer
D. Not Real
5. Which number is not located on the real number line?
A. -2
B. 0
C.
D.
ACTIVITY (REAL NUMBERS)
6. What is the additive inverse of ?
A. 0
7. If a = and b = 3, what type of number is a + b?
B. Rational
C. Integers
D. Irrational
E. Whole
B. TRUE/FALSE
8. True or False: The product of two irrational numbers is always irrational.
9. True or False: Every irrational number is a real number
10. True or False: Between any two real numbers, there are infinitely many real numbers
Short Answer:
11. List the Subsets of real numbers (in proper order of inclusion), and give an example
of a number in each.
12. Explain why the number 0.12122122212222… is irrational.
13. Use set builder notation to define the sets of all rational numbers.
14. Determine whether the following statement is true or false and justify: “The square
of an irrational number is always irrational.”
15. Describe the difference between rational and irrational numbers in terms of
decimal expansion, and give one real-world examples of each.
REAL NUMBERS IN REAL LIFE
OVERVIEW:
You will identify and record 10 real-world quantities that can
be represented by real numbers. These values can be
measured, estimated, or found in public data (like product
labels, speedometers, menus, temperature readings,
receipts, etc.).
Then, you will classify each number (e.g., rational, irrational,
whole, integer), describe the context, and reflect on how
real numbers are used to communicate measurements or
make decisions.
Definitio
n:
INTRODUCTION TO
FRACTIONS:
INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY: CONVERTING IMPROPER FRACTIONS
TO MIXED NUMBER AND VICE VERSA
INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY: CONVERTING IMPROPER FRACTIONS
TO MIXED NUMBER AND VICE VERSA
INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY: CONVERTING IMPROPER FRACTIONS
TO MIXED NUMBER AND VICE VERSA
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
THE GCF(GREATEST COMMON FACTOR) AND LCM(LEAST
COMMON MULTIPLE)
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: MULTIPLICATION AND
DIVISION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: MULTIPLICATION AND
DIVISION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: MULTIPLICATION AND
DIVISION
OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS: MULTIPLICATION AND
DIVISION
APPLICATION ON OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
APPLICATION ON OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
APPLICATION ON OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
APPLICATION ON OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
Rationale questions:
ACTIVITY OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
ACTIVITY OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS:
