opic:
“Operational Amplifier”
Electronics
Presented By:
Laiba-Habib
Presented to:
Mam Nayareen
University Of Sahiwal
Operational Amplifier
Why Called so?
• Early operational amplifiers (op-amps) were used primarily to
perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
integration, and differentiation—thus the term operational.
• These early devices were constructed with vacuum tubes and
worked with high voltages.
• Today’s op-amps are linear integrated circuits (ICs) that use
relatively low dc supply voltages and are reliable and
inexpensive.
Operational Amplifier
The standard operational amplifier (op-amp) symbol :
It has two input terminals,
• The inverting (-) input.
• The non inverting (+) input.
• One output terminal.
• Most op-amps operate with two dc supply voltages, one positive
and the other negative.
Operational Amplifier
The Ideal Op-Amp:
The ideal op-amp has following characteristics:
• Infinite voltage gain.
• Infinite bandwidth.
• Also, it has an infinite input impedance (open) so that it does not
load the driving source.
• Finally, it has a zero output impedance.
• The input voltage, Vin, appears between the two input terminals,
and the output voltage is AvVin.
Operational Amplifier
The Practical Op-Amp:
Characteristics of a practical op-amp are:
• Very high voltage gain.
• Very high input impedance.
• Very low output impedance.
• Another practical consideration is that there is always noise
generated within the op-amp.
• Noise is an undesired signal that affects the quality of a desired
signal.
• Today, circuit designers are using smaller voltages that require
high accuracy, so low-noise components are in greater demand.
Operational Amplifier
Internal Block Diagram of an Op-Amp:
A typical op-amp is made up of three types of amplifier circuits:
• A differential amplifier.
• A voltage amplifier.
• A push-pull amplifier.
The differential amplifier is the input stage for the op-amp. It
provides amplification of the difference voltage between the two
inputs.
The second stage is usually a class A amplifier that provides
additional gain.
A push-pull class B amplifier is typically used for the output
stage.
Operational Amplifier
• The term differential comes from the amplifier’s ability to amplify
the difference of two input signals applied to its inputs.
• Only the difference in the two signals is amplified; if there is no
difference, the output is
• zero.
• The differential amplifier exhibits two modes of operation based
on the type of input
• signal
Operational Amplifier
Negative feedback:
“It is the process whereby a portion of the output voltage
of an amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle that
opposes (or subtracts from) the input signal.”
• The inverting input effectively makes the feedback signal 180° out
of phase with the input signal.
Operational Amplifier
Non inverting Amplifier :
• An op-amp connected in a closed-loop configuration as a non
inverting amplifier with a controlled amount of voltage gain is
shown.
• The input signal is applied to the non inverting (+) input.
• The output is applied back to the inverting input through the
feedback circuit (closed loop) formed by the input resistor Ri and
the feedback resistor Rf.
• The feedback voltage is expressed as
Vf = ( Ri/ Ri + Rf )Vout
Operational Amplifier
The difference of the input voltage, Vin, and the feedback voltage, Vf, is the differential
input to the op-amp, as shown.This differential voltage is amplified by the open-loop
voltage gain of the op-amp (Aol) and produces an output voltage expressed as
Vout = Aol(Vin - Vf)
The attenuation, B, of the feedback circuit is
B= ( Ri/ Ri + Rf )
Substituting BVout for Vf in the Vout equation,
Vout = Aol(Vin - BVout)
Acl(NI) = 1 + Rf /Ri
Operational Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier :
• An op-amp connected as an inverting amplifier with a controlled amount of
voltage gain is shown.
• The input signal is applied through a series input resistor Ri to
• the inverting input.
• Also, the output is fed back through Rf to the same input.
• The noninverting (+) input is grounded.
Operational Amplifier
Since there is no current at the inverting input, the current through Ri
and the current
through Rf are equal, as shown in Figure.
Iin = If
Operational Amplifier
By applying simple algebra,
Equation shows that the closed-loop voltage gain of the inverting amplifier
(Acl(I)) is the ratio of the feedback resistance (Rf) to the input resistance (Ri).
• The closed loop gain is independent of the op-amp’s internal open-loop gain.
• Thus, the negative feedback stabilizes the voltage gain. The negative sign
indicates inversion.
Any
Question
?
Thank You!
