Power Systems Analysis
• Per Unit System Lecture
Touqeer Ahmad Raza
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
MNS UET , Multan
PER UNIT SYSTEM
A key problem in analyzing power
systems is
the large number of transformers.
It would be very difficult to continually have
to refer impedances to the different sides of
the Transformers
This problem is avoided by a
normalization of
all variables actual quantity
quantity in per unit
This normalization is known as per unit
analysis base value of quantity 2
PER UNIT SYSTEM
1. The per-unit values for transformer
impedance , voltage and current are identical
when referred to the primary and secondary
(no need to reflect impedances from one side
of the transformer to the other, the
transformer is a single impedance).
2. The per-unit values for various components
lie within a narrow range regardless of the
equipment rating.
3. The per-unit values clearly represent the
relative values of the circuit quantities. Many
of the ubiquitous scaling constants are
eliminated. 3
4. Ideal for computer simulations
PROCEDURE
A. Convert to per unit (p.u.)
B. Solve using Circuit Techniques
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C. Convert back into original as necessary
Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not
the angles.
Also, per unit quantities no longer have units
i.e., voltage is 1.0 p.u., (not 1 p.u. volts)
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EXAMPLE
A simple power system is shown in Figure. This system con
tains a 480-V generator connected to an ideal 1 :10 step-up
transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down
transformer, and a load. The impedance of the transmission
line is 20 + j60 , and the impedance of the load is .
The base values for this system are chosen to be 480 V and
10 kVA at the generator.
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9
¿ 236.249 ∠0.6
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Three zones of a single-phase circuit are identified in Figure. The zones are
connected by transformers T1 and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using base
values of 30 kVA and 240 volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit circuit and determine
the per-unit impedances and the per-unit source voltage. Then calculate the load
current both in per-unit and in amperes.
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THREE-PHASE PER UNIT
Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3f VA base for the entire system,
2. Pick a voltage base for each different
voltage level, VB. Voltages are line to
line.
3. Calculate
V 2 the impedance
( 3V ) 2
Vbase
2
B , LL B , LN B , LN
ZB 3
1
1
SB 3S B SB
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!
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THREE-PHASE PER UNIT, CONT'D
4. Calculate the current base, IB
S B3 3 S 1B S1B
I3B I1B
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN
Exactly the same current bases as with single-phase!
5. Convert actual values to per unit
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Example
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