UNIT I - INDUSTRIAL
SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL
CHANGE
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1.1 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
• Sociology is the systematic study of society and social interaction.
• The word “sociology” is derived from the Latin.
• Word socius (companion) and the Greek word logos (speech or reason),
together mean “reasoned speech about companionship”.
(Robertson, Susan. 2020. Foundations In
Sociology. University of Saskatchewan)
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WHAT DOES IT DO?
Sociologists study
• groups, organizations, and societies
• social interactions
• how larger social structures of power, economics, and culture shape
individual opportunities, attitudes, and behavior.
• diverse and complex society and its challenges, such as social and
economic inequality, mass incarceration, and discrimination.
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WHAT IS INDUSTRY?
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WHAT IS INDUSTRY?
A group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or
supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics,
industries are generally classified as primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary.
Social aspect – employment, opportunities, working conditions,
community relations, social inequalities, workforce well-being
Benefits: goods became affordable & accessible; labour-saving
inventions (transportation, communication, printing press);
evolution of medicines; enhanced quality of life; specialization.
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION : 1760-
1840
https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution/The-fi 7
rst-Industrial-Revolution
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WHAT DID IT DO?
• Transformation of society
• Improvement
• Economic changes – distribution of wealth
• Political changes – shift in economic power
• Social changes – new patterns of authority, working-class
movements, growth in urban settings
• Cultural transformation
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Printing Press
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press 10
SWEATSHOPS / SWEATER
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https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/wheeling/h
INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
• Industrial sociology is the study of human relations in
industrial settings, including the social organizations of
the workplace and the economics of manufacturing. It
examines the motivation and behavior of workers, and
the structure and power dynamics of organizations.
• A critical research area within the field of sociology of
work.
• Father of Industrial Sociology – Elton Mayo (1920s)
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1.2 INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
1. 'Industrial sociology is the application of sociological approach to the
reality and problems of industry.' -P. Gisbert.
2. "Industrial sociology centres its attention on social organization of
factory, the store, and the office. This focus includes not only
the interactions of people playing roles in these organizations but also
the ways in which their work roles are interrelated with other aspects of
their life." -Charles B. Spaulding.
3. Industrial sociology is the sociology of industrial relations, various
work practices, and man’s industrial activities. –Tony Watson
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https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/hasdeo-arand-mining-issue-
protest-9641436/ 17
COURSE OUTCOMES
The student shall:
1. develop an in-depth knowledge of industrialization within the social
context.
2. identify the major developments and social regulations that shape the
working life and industrial relations.
3. generate skills that empower students and create a sense of responsibility
and sensitivity towards society.
4. establish critical thinking about developmental trends in industry and
technology and the resulting impact on society.
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SYLLABUS
Unit-1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Sociology – a general overview; 1.2 Industrial Sociology- nature, scope, and importance;
1.3 Origin and development; 1.4 Concepts and perspective; 1.5 Theoretical approaches –
systems strand, Marxian strand, interpretive strand; 1.6 Modernization theory, dependency, and
world system theories.
Unit-2 Industrial Transitions and Models of Industrialization
2.1 Types of productive systems; 2.2 Forms of social organizations – historical and
contemporary transitions; 2.3 Rise and development of industry; 2.4 Modernization and
development; 2.5 Industrialization in India; 2.6 Multiple models of industrialization
(collectivist, anarchist, free market, environmentalist); 2.7 Different models of state-guided
growth; 2.8 Industrial revolution - industry 4.0 & 5.0.
Unit-3 Industrial Management
3.1 Concepts and features - contingencies and managerial choices; 3.2 Corporate management;
3.3 Employment strategies; 3.4 Human resourcing practices; 3.5 Managerial control; 3.6
Employee motivation; 3.7 Occupational identity, culture, and ideology; Conflict resolution; 3.8
Trade unions – history, concepts, features, functions, and types; 3.9 Participatory management
and housing, and community welfare.
Unit-4 Industrialization and Social Change
4.1 Industrialization and contemporary issues – man and technology; 4.2 Rise of the informal
sector, consumer society, culture industry, reflexive modernity, knowledge-based society; 4.3 19
Industry and its influence on family, education, social stratification, community and the polity;
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
TA : 20
Mid-semester : 30
End-semester : 50
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THE JOURNEY
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NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
• It is a science – application of scientific methods (observation, recording,
classification, generalization and verification
Srivastava, AK. 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study Of TATA Group. IOSR
Journal of Business and Management
Abstract
Starting from the times of barter system to today's modern era of plastic money, the mankind has
trodden a remarkably long path. Undoubtedly "profitability" has always been the driving force and
an undercurrent behind all this development; but as every coin has two facets; growing cutthroat
competition and business rivalries started taking heavy toll on the quality, transparency,
environment and society in general endangering the peaceful coexistence of business and
society. The businesses houses started realizing that they would have to rise over and above
the profitability and take care of all those associated with their survival in the society directly
or indirectly. This realization resulted into the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
This research paper moves around developing an understanding about the corporate social
responsibility (CSR), delving into its concept and finding out its scope taking the case study of the
TATA Group under Mr. Ratan Tata who has exemplified the sense of responsibility towards the
upliftment of common masses and protection of the environment and development of the nation.
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• Tata Projects – CSR: https://www.tpcdt.in/index.html
NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY
• It is factual.
• Its principles are universal (focus on analyzing social interactions, power dynamics,
and the impact of technology within the workplace, including the relationships
between management, workers, and the broader social environment, etc.)
• It delineates cause and effect.
• Makes predictions.
• Theories and methods are drawn from the theoretical and methodological
approaches to the study of social change
• Analysis of union-management relations – theories on collective behaviour, power,
and social conflict
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) - exploitation
• Max Weber (1864-1920) – power
• Geroge Simmel (1858–1918) – social conflict & competition 23
SCOPE
• Understanding workplace dynamics – interactions, engagements & collaborations
• Impact on management practices - Human relations, employee motivation, and
organizational culture
• Conflict resolution – disagreement over a task
• Cultural sensitivity – similarities and differences
• Technological adaptability – enhancing skills
• Labour laws and regulations –
• The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 or the Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923
(named in 2010)
• Industrial relations across international borders (International Frameworks
Agreement)– Tourism industry; a company operating in multiple relations (MNCs)
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1.3 ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
SOCIOLOGY
• Industrial revolution: Contact with other societies, demographic processes, changes
in ecosystem, technological change, conflict, social movements, ideas, political
processes
• University of Chicago – 1920s: in-depth studies on various occupations
• Majorly began with the Western Electric Research Program during much of the
Great Depression (1929-1939) – factors (working conditions; worker psychology)
involved in worker productivitȳ; human relations: group dynamics, communication
- Elton Mayo
• Studies emphasizing work, workers, and workplace
• Research was considered crucial – Guest’s 1948
study on a U.S. steel plant
• Temples of Modern India – nation building 25
• Studies on industrial workers – NR Sheth, Anil K Sengupta,
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL CHANGE
• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the making of
tools to solve specific problems.
• Society may accept or reject the results of technological advancement.
• Amish – a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships
(Switzerland); rejected or slow in adapting to technology
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1.4 CONCEPTS
1. Work (https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/work-economics)
• The activities and labor necessary for the survival of society
• Wages or no wages; mental, social, and physical requirements
• Progression
• Agriculture and supply of food – ample time – crafts – the division of labour
• Towns and complexity of professions – law, medicine
• Craft guilds (14th century) – association of artisans – modern-day labour unions
• Early factories - diversification of tasks – low-paid unskilled or semi-skilled
workers – rebellions - hierarchy or control introduced
• Modern-day work – specialization, and professionalism – focus on the employee
• Thinkers – Karl Marx (conditions of work in factories); Emile Durkheim
(stability in society through norms and customs); Max Weber (development of
new forms of authority)
• Average working hours in 2022: Sweden (1440) < US (1811 hours) < Colombia
(2014 hours) < Mexico (2226) 27
(OECD - https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS)
https://clockify.me/working-h
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2. History of the organization of work
• Methods by which society structures the activities and labour necessary
for survival.
• Slave Society, Feudal Society (Jajmani system), Industrial Capitalist
Society
• Obligatory or paid, formal & informal, affective &
achievement drive
• Dichotomy – Haves & have nots (Marx)
• Organization of work may revolve around social, political,
economic, and technological conditions.
• Example: Antibiotics (Penicillin & World War I, II)
• Industrial Revolution
• Colonization
• Nazism
• Assembly Line – smart machines
• Cubicles
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https://www.britannica.com/money/history-of-the-organization-of-work
3. Industry: (https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/industry)
• A group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or
supply goods, services, or sources of income.
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THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Industrial Sociology, examines "the direction and implications of trends
in technological change, globalisation, labour markets, work
organization, managerial practices and employment relations" to "the
extent to which these trends are intimately related to changing patterns of
inequality in modern societies and to the changing experiences of
individuals and families", and "the ways in which workers challenge,
resist and make their own contributions to the patterning of work and
shaping of work institutions".
Watson, 2003
• Theoretical Approaches
– Systems strand, Marxian strand, Interpretive strand
– Modernization theory, Dependency and World system theories
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1.5 THEORETICAL APPROACHES
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Watson, 2003, p.
THE THREE STRANDS
I. Durkheim’s Systems Strand
II. Marxian Strand
III. Interpretive Strand
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DURKHEIM’ S SYSTEMS STRAND
• Emile Durkheim – French social scientist
• Major ideas: division of labor, social integration or social solidarity, anomie
• emphasis on the social system of which individuals are a part – society or work
organization
• Essential idea – patterns of relationship between people to be understood and
not the people – ‘human relations’
1858-1917
• Institutions – ‘genesis’ + ‘functioning’ (parts to whole)
• European societies
• Egoism and self-interest – resulting in disintegration
• Organic solidarity being threatened by laissez-faire economic and utilitarian
philosophy (something is moral, or good when it produces the greatest amount of
good for the greatest number of people)
• Healthy individualism – regulation, principles, and norms – Anomie 34
• Social integration through moral communities based on occupations
DURKHEIM’ S SYSTEMS STRAND
• Emile Durkheim – French social scientist
• Essential idea – patterns of relationship between people to be understood and not
the people – ‘human relations’
• European societies: Egoism and self-interest – resulting in disintegration
• Individual aspiration can be threatening to the society 1858-1917
• Mechanical to
Division of Organic Solidarity (by
Specialized laissez-faire economic Anomie
Labour roles and utilitarian
philosophy
Application
• Analysis of Factory Work – worker’s role to & specialization to overall production and
influence on worker’s relations
• Social Problems in Industrial Societies – alienation, high suicide rates, social unrest –
disruption of social bonds
• Significance of Social Institutions – professional associations and social norms to maintain 35
cohesion
• Systems thinking
• Industrial organizations as social systems – organic analogy – seeking stability
• Criticism – Sees conflict or differences as pathologies; overemphasizes integration and
consensus
• Significant even now:
1. Organizations are patterned relationships that constantly have to adapt to
enable the organization to continue.
2. They stress the importance of close interrelationships between the organization’s
different parts, or ‘subsystems,’. The tendency for changes in one part of a system to
have implications for other parts of it is strongly emphasized.
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What are the potential threats to relationship patterns in
an organization that can impair a team's performance?
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M A R X I A N S T RA N D O R M A R X I A N E C O N O M I C S
• German philosopher, social theorist, economist, and author
• Known for his theories about capitalism, socialism, communism
1818-1883
• Inspired by Hegelian thought – criticizing political and religious establishments
• The Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (class struggle brings
socio-economic changes)
• Das Kapital or Capital (1867) – Volume I (challenge to laissez-faire)
Marxian Economics
• Two significant flaws in capitalism
• free market competition - chaos
• extraction of surplus value – reducing the individual to working-
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class status
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• Result – increased inequality + competition + exploitation
• Revolution – production in the hands of the working class
• Why will the revolution take place?
• Capitalism as a social and economic system
• Two classes
1. Capitalist (bourgeoise) – control over the mode and means of
production
2. Labour (proletariat) – monetary wage
• Exploitation & Surplus Value
• Class in itself becomes class for itself
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THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT – NEO-CLASSICAL
I.Modernization Theory
•Progressive transition of societies
• Thompson's (2015) modernization theory has two primary aims:
• First, explain why less developed countries have failed to develop, focusing on how
cultural and economic conditions act as ‘barriers’ to development.
• Second, it aimed to provide a non-communist solution to poverty in the developing world.
• Modernization scholars argue that traditional societies are entangled by norms, beliefs, and
values that hinder their development.
• Western financial management style, culture, market systems, and mode of production to
drive development.
• W.W. Rostow proposed swift machinery that can help societies transition from traditional to
developed societies, including stages like the preparation to take off, the take-off stage, the
drive to maturity, and the period of mass consumption.
• Criticism: Eurocentric and encouraging nations’ dependency on the West.
II. Dependency Theory (Structuralism)
• Response to Eurocentric modernization theory – explains the causal factors of the failure of
non-European countries to develop economically.
• Conditions in developing countries are exogenous and are connected to contact with advanced
economies – colonialism, neocolonialism, globalization, exploitation of economic surplus.
• Andre Gunder Frank (1966) - argued that developing nations have failed to progress socially
and economically not because of ‘internal barriers’ to development as modernization
theorists claim, but because the developed West has systematically underdeveloped them,
keeping them in a state of dependency. Free trade policies.
• Underdevelopment as a result of the economic surplus of the poor countries being exploited
by developed countries. Core (US) & Periphery countries (Latin America; Angola, Sudan;
Afghanistan).
• Theotonio Dos Santos, describes dependency as “a situation in which the economy of some
countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy to which the
former is subjected.”
AVERAGE NATIONAL INCOME
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https://wid.world/world/#anninc_p0p100_z/US;FR;DE;CN;ZA;GB;WO/last/eu/k/p/yearly/a/false/0/70000/curve/false/
III. World Systems Theory
(Structuralism)
• Global structure
• there is a global inequality where some
countries benefit from other economically
weak and less organized countries
• Immanuel Wallerstein argued that how a
country is integrated into the capitalist
world system determines how economic
development takes place in such a
country and how much the country
benefits from the world system.
• Differences in skilled labor
