Chapter 2

Microcontroller Architecture PIC18F Family

Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture

Von Neumann Architecture:

8-bit Bus

CPU
Harvard Architecture

Program & Data Memory

Fetches instructions and data from a single memory space Limits operating bandwidth

Harvard Architecture:

8-bit Bus

Data Memory

16-bit Bus

CPU

Uses two separate memory spaces for program instructions and data Improved operating bandwidth Allows for different bus widths

Program Memory

PIC18F Microcontroller Families

PIC microcontrollers are designed using the Harvard Architecture which includes:

Microprocessor unit (MPU) Program memory for instructions Data memory for data I/O ports Support devices such as timers

Microcontroller with the Harvard Architecture

PIC18F452/4520 Memory - Example

Program Memory: 32 K (215)

Address range: 000000 to 007FFFH 16-bit registers

Data Memory: 4 K

Address range: 000 to FFFH 8-bit registers

Not part of the data memory space Addressed through special function registers

Data EEPROM

http://www.microchip.com/ParamChartSearch/chart.aspx?branchID=1004&mi d=10&lang=en&pageId=74

PIC18F MCU and Memory

16 bit

2 MB 221

8 bit

4 KB 212

PIC18F MCU and Memory Design Problem

Design a micro controller with the following specifications Specify bus widths.

Program Memory: 32 K Data Memory: 4 K

In your design show where the counter registers are located In your design show where the working registers are located (which part of the microprocessor unit) Show where the read/write lines are connected to specify the direction of each.

32 K (215)

PIC18F MCU and Memory Design Problem Design a micro controller with the following specifications Specify bus widths.

Program Memory: 32 K (215)

Address range: 000000 to 007FFFH 16-bit registers

Data Memory: 4 K

Address range: 000 to FFFH 8-bit registers

32 K (215)

Microprocessor Unit (1 of 3)

Includes Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

WREG working register Status register that stores flags Instruction decoder when the instruction is fetched it goes into the ID

Microprocessor Unit (2 of 3)

Registers

Bank Select Register (BSR)

4-bit register used in direct addressing the data memory

File Select Registers (FSRs)

16-bit registers used as memory pointers in indirect addressing data memory 21-bit register that holds the program memory address while executing programs

Program Counter (PC)

Microprocessor Unit (3 of 3)

Control unit

Provides timing and control signals to various Read and Write operations

PIC18F - Address Buses

Address bus

21-bit address bus for program memory addressing capacity: 2 MB of memory 12-bit address bus for data memory addressing capacity: 4 KB of memory

Data Bus and Control Signals

Data bus

16-bit instruction/data bus for program memory 8-bit data bus for data memory Read and Write

Control signals

Examples

Refer to your notes!

Instructions
8-bit Program Memory

8-bit Instruction on typical 8-bit MCU

Example: Freescale Load Accumulator A: 2 Program Memory Locations 2 Instruction Cycles to Execute

inst k
1 k 0 k 0 k 0 k 0 k 1 k 1 k 0 k

Limits Bandwidth Increases Memory Size Requirements

16-bit Program Memory

16-bit Instruction on PIC18 8-bit MCU

Example: Move Literal to Working Register 1 Program Memory Location 1 Instruction Cycle to Execute

movlw k
0

0 0

0 1

Separate busses allow different widths 2k x 16 is roughly equivalent to 4k x 8

Flash (4K) EEPROM can be accessed individually 36 I/O ports F FLASH C EPROM

PIC18F452/4520 Memory

Program memory with addresses (Flash)

Data memory with addresses Also called Data Register or File Register

FFF=212=16x256=4096=4K

PIC18F452/4520 Data Memory with Access Banks

Three ways to access data registers:

Direct using Bank Select Registers (BSR)

Bank address (4-bit) + Instruction (8-bit) FSR contains the address of the data register Hence, MPU uses FSR

Indirect using File Select Registers (FSR)

Access Bank using General Purpose Registers (GPR)

Data Memory Organization

FFF=212=16x256=4096=4K

000h 07Fh 080h 0FFh 100h

Access RAM Bank 0 GPR

PIC16F8F2520/4520 Register File (data memory) Map

Bank 1 GPR
1FFh 200h

Data Memory up to 4k bytes

Data register map - with 12bit address bus 000-FFF

Bank 2 GPR
2FFh

Access Bank Access RAM (GPR) Access SFR

00h 7Fh 80h FFh

Divided into 256-byte banks There are total of F banks Half of bank 0 and half of bank 15 form a virtual bank that is accessible no matter which bank is selected

D00h

Bank 13 GPR
DFFh E00h

256 Bytes

Bank 14 GPR
EFFh F00h F7Fh F80h FFFh

GPR=General Purpose Reg. SFR=Special Function Reg.

Bank 15 GPR Access SFR

PIC18F452 I/O Ports

Five I/O ports

PORT A through PORT E Most I/O pins are multiplexed Generally have eight I/O pins with a few exceptions Addresses already assigned to these ports in the design stage Each port is identified by its assigned Special Function Registers (SFR) look at the previous slide

PORTA (address of F80) PORTB (address of F81) these are part of data memory or register file

TRISB must be set to specify signal direction of PORT B.

Processes and Conditions of Data Transfer

Interrupt is a process of communication between two devices

If provides efficient communication between the two devices Examples: Sending a file to a printer, pressing a key on the key board

External or Internal to the MPU

Processes and Conditions of Data Transfer

Parallel data transfer Serial data transfer

MPU Initiating

Unconditional

Conditional (asks if device is ready)

RST

HW

SW

Processes and Conditions of Data Transfer

Reset

Special type of external interrupt Examples:

Manual Reset Power-on Reset Brown-out Reset (power goes below a specifies value)

MCU Support Devices (1 of 2)

Timers

A value is loaded in the register and continue changing at every clock cycle time can be calculated Can count on rising or falling edge There are several timers: 8-bit, 16-bit Controlled by SFR
Serial interface supporting RS232 Another serial data communication

Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)

Addressable USART

A/D converter Parallel Slave Port (PSP) Capture, Compare and PWM (CCP Module)

ToCON

PIC18F Special Features

Sleep mode

Power-down mode Able to reset the processor if the program is caught in unknown state (e.g., infinite loop) EEPROM can be protected through SFR

Watchdog timer (WDT)

Code protection

In-circuit serial programming In-circuit debugger

PIC18F4X2 Architectur e Block Diagram

PIC16F87 Architecture Block Diagram

Table 2-1

Questions - Table 2-9 (pp. 46 and 48)

How much of flash memory can be accessed? 13 bit 8K (1FFF) 9bit 512 Byte Effective address bus from data memory ? How many instruction sets can PIC16F687 be accessed?
35 It has no multiplication! compare Figure 2-8 and 2-9

PIC18F Instructions and Assembly Language

Has 77 instructions

Earlier PIC family of microcontrollers have either 33 or 35 instructions (Table 2-1)

In PIC18F instruction set, all instructions are 16-bit word length except four instructions that are 32-bit length

Instruction Description and Illustrations

Copy (Load) 8-bit number into W register

Mnemonics: MOVLW 8-bit Binary format:

0000 1110 XXXX XXXX (any 8-bit number) Copy Contents of W register in PORTC

Mnemonics: MOVWF PORTC, a

(a indicates that PORTC is in the Access Bank)

Binary format:

0000 1110 1000 0010 (82H is PORTC address)

Opcode 8-bit Literal 8-bit

Instruction

Instruction Set Overview

Literal and Control Operations
15 8 7
Literal Value

Opcode

k OR

Opcode

MOVLW

0 x25
Literal Value

Illustration: Displaying a Byte at an I/O Port (1 of 5)

Problem statement:

Write instructions to light up alternate LEDs at PORTC. PORTC

Hardware:

bidirectional (input or output) port; should be setup as output port for display

Logic 1 will turn on an LED in Figure 2.10.

Illustration (2 of 5)

TRISC=0

Interfacing LEDs to PORTC Port C is F82H Note that PORT C is set to be an output! Hence, TRISC (address 94H) has to be set to 0

Illustration (3 of 5)

Program (software)

Logic 0 to TRISC sets up PORTC as an output port Byte 55H turns on alternate LEDs

MOVLW 00 MOVWF TRISC, 0 MOVLW 0x55 MOVWF PORTC,0 SLEEP

;Load W register with 0 ;Set up PORTC as output ;Byte 55H to turn on LEDS ;Turn on LEDs ;Power down

PIC18 Simulator

Using the Program Memory editor type in the opcode MOVLW 00 and MOWWF TRISC,0 as described in page 52 of your textbook. Run the program in step-by-step mode and observe the PC. Observe how the NEXT INSTRUCTION changes. What is the value of final clock cycle? How long does it take to complete the program in sec.?

PIC18 Simulator IDE

Questions - PIC18 Simulator IDE

What is the address for TRISC? SFR F94 What is the address for PORTE? How many SFR registers we have? FFF-F80 How many GPR? 000-5FF How many bit PC has? Compare with Fig 2-8

Example

Memory content Mnemonics Hex code Memory content

binary code

Leave space

Illustration (4 of 5)

Execution of the instruction:

WREG=55 MOVWF PORTC

Copy from WREGPORT C (82H) 2 1

Contains 55