ArcGIS

Aman Yesuf
(MPH/Epidemiology, Assistant
Professor)
Department of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
SPHMMC
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 Content

• Introduction
• Exploring GIS concepts
• Displaying data
• Querying your GIS database
• Working with spatial data
• Working with tables
• Editing data
• Presenting data

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 Introduction to GIS

 Almost everything that comes about on earth happens

somewhere.
 WHAT exists at a certain location?

 WHERE are certain conditions satisfied? eg. Where

persons or communities are most at risk? ;

 Where do diseases spread?

 WHAT has changed in a place over time?

 WHAT spatial patterns exist?

 WHAT IF this condition occurred at this place?

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  All such questions are relevant & require the proper

& accurate data derived from several sources &

should integrate into a consistent form. It can be
done using GIS.
 GIS is an acronym for Geographic Information

System (s).

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 Definition of GIS

 It has no internationally agreed definition

Among this
 GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, computer

software, geographical data & personnel designed to efficiently

capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze & display all forms
of geographically referenced data (Borrough 1998)
 A GIS provides facilities for data capture, data management,

data manipulation, analysis & representation of results in both

geographic & statistical form with particular emphasis on
preserving & utilizing the inherent characteristics of spatial
data (USGS)
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 Components of GIS

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 Purpose of GIS

 The ultimate purpose of GIS is to provide support

for decision making based on spatial data (geo-

information). This is achieved through:
 Organization, Combination, Analysis, Spatial query,

Visualization

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 GIS Data Types

 Spatial and non spatial data (attributes

Data).
 Spatial data deals with location of
features where as non spatial data
describes these georeferenced features.

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 GIS Data sources

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 Geographic
Phenomenon
• Geographic Field & Object

• A Geographic field is a geographic phenomenon

for which for

every point in the study area, a value can be
determined. E.G. Temperature & elevation.
• Geographic Objects populate only in a given

area, & are usually well distinguishable, discrete,

bounded entities. The space between them is
potentially empty. Eg. Land use, Building, etc

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 Data Presentation

a) Vector data
 It is comprised of lines or arcs, defined by beginning

& end points, which meet at nodes.

 geospatial data is represented in the form of co-

ordinates.
 the basic units of spatial information are points, lines

(arcs) & polygons.

 a line is a collection of related points, & a polygon is a

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collection of related lines.
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 Data Presentation …
b) Raster data
 each area is divided into rows & columns, which form a regular

grid structure.
 Each cell must be either rectangular, or square in shape.

 It cannot identify the boundaries of such areas as polygons.

 It may lead to increased storage in certain situations, since they

store each cell in the matrix regardless of whether it is a feature or

simply 'empty' space.
 Each unit is represented as a picture element called a pixel or grid

cell. This is the smallest element of a display device that can be

independently assigned attributes such as color.
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 Coordinate Systems
 It is a reference system used to measure horizontal &

vertical distances.
 The two major types are geographic & projected CSs.

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

 uses a 3D spherical surface to define locations on the

earth.
 includes an angular unit of measure.

 A point is referenced by its longitude & latitude values.

 They are angles measured from the earth‘s center to a

point on the earth‘s surface.

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 Coordinate Systems …
• In the spherical system, 'horizontal lines‘, or

east–west lines, are lines of equal latitude, or

parallels.
•'Vertical lines‘, or north–south lines, are lines of

equal longitude, or meridians.

• These lines encompass the globe & form a girded

network called a graticule

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 Coordinate Systems …
 Projected / Planar Coordinate System (PCS)-Uses metric system

 A) Map Projections : is the mathematical transformation of

three-dimensional Spherical surface to create a flat map sheet.

 A 2D coordinate reference system is commonly defined by two

axes at right angles to each other; & form XY plane.

 X- horizontal, & Y-the vertical axis. In 3D CRS represented X,

Y, Z.
 It causes distortion of either shape, area, distance, or direction

of the data.
 Different projections cause different types of distortions.
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 Map projection types
 There are many map projection types based on developable

surfaces.
 A developable surface is one that can be laid flat without

distortion.
 The 3 developable surfaces are cylinder, cone, & plane.

 So the main projection types are Cylindrical, Conical & Planar

projections.
General rules for selecting a projection
 Tropical country— cylindrical projection

 Temperate country— conical projection

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 Polar regions— azimuthal(planar) projection
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 The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
system

 developed in the late 1940s by the US Army

 Intended for mapping areas : 840 N – 800 S

 Unit of measure is meter

 The world is divided into 60 zones of 60 of longitude in

width
 Zone 1 starts at 1800 W & each zone has its own

coordinate system
 A second zoning is made along the latitudes following 80

intervals (except the northern most zone-120)- they are

given letters from C, D, E, …
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 UTM Zones of Ethiopia
 Any location in Ethiopia, would find itself in

longitude zone 36, 37 or 38 & latitude zone "N or P“.

 The grid zones covering Ethiopia are "36N or 36P or

37N or 37P or 38N or 38P“.

 UTM zones 36, 37, & 38 represent the western,

central, & eastern parts of Ethiopia, respectively.

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 GIS Application Areas

• Almost all areas of study has question of

location.
• It implies that GIS is applicable in every area of
study including Epidemiology & Public Health.

• In general the versatility of GIS is quite

unlimited & can only be enhanced or limited by
the imagination of various people or
professionals that use it.
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 Functions
Most health of GIS
information in Epidemiology
is tied & Public So GIS
in some way to geography.
allow people Health
•To organize, visualize, & analyze geographic data layers more

effectively.
•For describing & understanding the changing spatial

organization of health care, for examining its relationship to

health outcomes & access,
•For exploring how the delivery of health care can be improved.

•Provide ideal platforms for the convergence of disease-specific

information & their analyses in relation to population settlements,

surroundings, social & health services & the natural environment.
•For analyzing epidemiological data, revealing trends &

interrelationships that would be more difficult to discover in

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tabular format.
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 2. Basics of ArcGIS Desktop: Exploring
ArcCatalog and ArcMap
• It is One of the commercially available GIS software by
ESRI (Environmental
Systems Research Institute) .
• It is used for Creating & using maps, compiling
geographic data, analyzing mapped information, sharing
& discovering geographic information, using maps &
geographic information in a range of applications, &
managing geographic information in a geodatabase.
• It is powerful software for Geospatial Technology
compared to other soft wares.
• Some of its applications parts are :ArcCatalog, ArcMap,
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 Exploring ArcCatalog

 Starting ArcCatalogue from: Start,

ArcMap, or short cut

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 Connecting to Folder
 From file or icon
View the data in GIS_T
 View the data types (Table & Geography)
Managing data in ArcCatalog
a) Creating a new folder –Rt. Click
b) Copying an item
c) Renaming an item
d) Deleting an item
Note: Once you delete an item you cannot undo the delete.
So, be careful!
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 Exploring ArcMap
 ArcMap is the primary ArcGIS application for
displaying, querying, editing, creating, & analyzing
data.
Displaying & viewing Spatial Datasets in ArcMap
 Start ArcMap from: Start, shortcut, or ArcCatalog

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  When you start ArcMap, first the splash screen

appears & ArcMap getting started dialog box

will appear asking you if you want to open an
Existing map, new map, or Template.
 Notice the following window with its various

components. There are different ways of

accessing commands in ArcMap 10.1: using
the Menu bar, Toolbar and short cuts.

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 Interface of ArcMap

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 Removing & adding table of
contents
 Removing & adding table of content using

window or standard tool bar

 Adding Data in ArcMap using file, or, button, or

by dragging from ArcCatalog

 Removing,

 Renaming Layers from table of content –double

click
 Off, on, and reorder layers in the table of content

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  Data Exploring using Tools toolbar (Zoom in,
Zoom Out, Pan, Full Extent, Zoom to Previous
Extent, Identifying Objects-blue circle)

 Setting Map Units, Display Units and Map

Projection
 One of the very first things that you should do

after adding data is to set the map and display

unit.
 Setting these units will allow you to measure

distance or compute areas.

 To set map units-Right click on the data frame

'layers‘ and scroll down to 'properties.' – on

General tab- Display (change the required unit)
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and Apply
  Map projection
• Click on the 'coordinate system' tab Notice

that it states that our coordinate system is a

projected coordinate system.
• To select the projected coordinate system

'Projected Coordinate system' -----UTM -----

Africa ------Adindan UTM Zone 37' --- 'Ok'
• Measuring on the map display using
measure tool
• Click the measure tool –decide what u want to measure
(line, area)---start at a point with click---end double click.
• You can take measurements that are composed of
multiple segments that don't follow a straight line. (start
click -end click on other segment startclick and end click
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finally double click.)
  Save your work as a map document. Click
on File ----Save---- Browse to your working
directory and type “My First Doc”---Ok
 Note:
 Map Document is a file instructing ArcGIS on what data
to use & how to display it.
 The data layers are not stored with the .mxd file.
 If you copy your Projects file to a disk you must also copy
all of the dataset files used in your project to that disk as
well or reset the location from the layer properties,
source tab.

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 Labeling & Symbology
 Labeling features: dynamic, interactive, & annotation

Labels
• Dynamic Labels are created at once and operate as a group
• Before we label, it is important to set the rules and choose
label position and priorities. Let's begin with the
'Ethio_Town' layer.
• Rt click on 'Ethio_Town' ------- 'properties.‘ ------labels----
choose the 'placement properties’ (The default priority
location for labels is in the upper right corner). Let's change
the location to the top center. (top only, prefer center)
----'Change location' icon -------Scroll up and choose ' Top
only, Prefer center -----Ok(all window)
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 To label in Daynamic labels
 Right click on 'Ethio_Town' ---Label Features.
 label the 'Ethio_Zones' as well in similar fashion
Annotation Labels
• By converting dynamic labels to annotation we are able
to have all features labeled at once and also have the
ability to move them individually.
• Let's convert 'Ethio_Town' labels to annotation.
• Right click on 'Ethio_Town --- Convert Labels to
annotation‘----Click the radio buttons 'in the map'
-----convert button
• Our labels are no longer dynamic and no longer move
according to scale, etc. Let's Move some of our labels

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  Click on the select elements tool
 Click on a label. Aqua line should surround the label
 Double click on the label with the aqua line still
surrounding it to access the 'properties' dialog.
 Here you can change the text, font, and symbology.
Interactive labeling
• Like annotation, Interactive labels are graphics. It can
be added and moved individually from 'Draw' toolbar.
• This allows you to place custom created text on the
map.
• On menu bar click on 'Customize-----'Toolbars' ---
'Draw' to display the Draw Toolbar.
• Click new text button which looks like 'A'. When the cursor
changes to a cross hairs with an A‘, click on the map and add text.

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 • Symbology :
 Features Single symbol

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  Mapping by Category: Unique Values
• It is possible to assign different colors
according to values in the attribute table.

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 Mapping by Quantity: Graduated Colors Maps


• Helps to perform some analysis using a common

mapping technique called color maps.
• These maps are ideal for showing all sorts of
numerical data.
• use the 'Ethio_Zones' layer again for our analysis

• Rt click on the 'Ethio_Zones' ----'Properties‘ --- on

'Symbology' ----Quantities -------Graduate color-----
Choose ‘Area‘ under 'Value Field‘------Ok
• The map changes to display the zone according to
their area.
• Let's look more closely to examine other ways to
portray this data.
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 THANK YOU !

[email protected]
om
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