Data Representation
Binary Arithmetic:
1. Binary Addition
2. Binary Subtraction
3. Binary Multiplication
4. Binary Division
Data Representation
The digital circuits, present in a digital computer, are designed
using a mathematical discipline known as Boolean Algebra.
It describes the relationship between the inputs and outputs of
a digital circuit.
Like any other algebra, Boolean algebra also uses variables and
operations.
A Boolean Variable has only two possible values, which is 1
or 0. AND,OR and NOT are basic Logical Operations.
Data Representation
Boolean Algebra: AND, OR and NOT logical operations.
AND Logic Symbol
OR Logic Symbol
NOT Logic Symbol
Data Representation
Boolean Algebra: NAND and NOR logical operations.
NAND Logic Symbol
NOR Logic Symbol
Data Representation
Boolean Algebra: XOR and XNOR logical operations.
XOR Logic Symbol XNOR Logic Symbol
Data Representation
As we know that in a computer system the numbers would
represent the alphabet letters, punctuation marks, and other
symbols. There must be a standard code system that would
enable any programmer to use the same combination of
numbers to represent all of these characters.
The four most popular Text Codes systems are:
1. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
2. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
3. Extended ASCII
4. Unicode
Data Representation
1. EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code. It’s an 8-bit code that defines 256 symbols.
2. ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. This is the most commonly used text code. It is a 8-
bit code that specifies characters for values 0 to 127.
3. Extended ASCII is an 8-bit code that specifies the
characters for values from 128 to 255. The first 40 symbols
represent pronunciation and special punctuation. The
remaining symbols are graphic symbols.
Data Representation
4. Unicode Worldwide Character Standard provides up to four
bytes. i.e., 32 bits to represent each letter, number, or symbol.
With this length (32 bits), more than 4 billion different
characters or symbols can be represented and this is enough for
every unique character and symbol in the world.
For example, characters and symbols used in different
languages, special mathematical and science symbols can be
represented with Unicode.
Another major advantage is that first 256 codes in Unicode are
identical to the 256 codes used by the ASCII and Extended
ASCII.
Data Processing
Two components handle processing in a computer: the CPU and
the memory. Both are located on the computer’s motherboard.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a place where data is
manipulated. Every CPU has two basic parts: ALU and CU.
All the computer resources are managed from the CU. It is the
logical hub of the computer.
Usually the computer performs two types of operation:
arithmetic and logical (in ALU). Arithmetic operations include:
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical
operations include: Comparison, AND, OR, NOT etc.
Data Processing
• Many instructions carried out by the control unit (CU) involve
simply moving data one place to another.
• When the CU encounters an instruction that involves arithmetic
or logic, it passes that instruction to the second component of
the CPU, the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU).
The ALU includes a group of Registers, high speed memory
locations built directly into the CPU that are used to hold the
data currently being processed.
1.12
Data Processing
Data Processing
Each time the CPU executes an instruction, it takes a series of
steps, called Machine Cycle. It is further divided into two
smaller cycles: the instruction cycle and the execution cycle.
Instruction Cycle Execution Cycle
1. Fetching 3. Executing
2. Decoding 4. Storing
Data Processing
During the instruction cycle, the CPU takes two steps:
1. Fetching. Before the CPU can execute an instruction, the
control unit must retrieve (or fetch) a command/data from the
computer’s memory.
2. Decoding. Before a command can be executed, the CU must
break down (or decode) the command into instructions that
correspond to those in the CPU’s instruction set.
At this point, the CPU is ready to begin the execution cycle:
3. Executing. When the command is executed, the CPU carries out
the instructions in order by converting them into microcode.
4. Storing. The CPU may be required to store the results of an
instruction in memory (but this is not always required).
Data Processing
The CPU contains the basic instructions needed to operate the
computer, but it cannot store entire programs or large data
permanently.
The CPU needs to have a large space to store these programs
and data. This area is called Memory. It allows the CPU to
store and retrieve data quickly.
Two types of built-in memory: permanent & nonpermanent.
Permanent memory/ROM (nonvolatile): Some memory chips
retain the data they hold, even when the computer is turned
off.
Nonpermanent memory/RAM (volatile): Other chips lose their
contents when the computer’s power is shut off.
