UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY
INSTITUTE OF INTELLIGENT & INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 2. STRESS & STRAIN
EXAMPLE
Determine the resultant internal Procedure for analysis
• Method of sections
loadings acting on the cross section at
C of the cantileverted beam shown. 1. Draw free-body diagram for whole body
2. Determine Support Reactions using
equations of equilibrium
3. Choose segment to analyze
4. Determine Internal Forces (i.e., N, V, M
or T) using equations of equilibrium
2.1 STRESS
1. Small F, acting on
A, F resolved in to Fx, Fy,
and Fz @ tangent, tangent, &
normal to the area respectively
2.As A approaches zero, so do
F (i.e., Fx, Fy, & Fz); but
the quotients Fx/ A, Fy/ A,
& Fz/ A approach a finite STRESS [refers to the intensity of the internal force
acting on a specific plane (or area) through the
limit called stress
centroid of the plane or area]
The above analysis can only be sustained if the material is considered:
1. CONTINUOUS ((uniform distribution of matter) or material has no voids
2. COHESIVE (all portions are connected without breaks, cracks, or separations
2.1.1 NORMAL STRESS
Normal stress:
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area,
acting normal to A
• Symbol used for normal stress, is (sigma)
Tensile stress: normal stress “pulls” or “
stretches” the area element A
Compressive stress: normal force “pushes” or
“compresses” area element A
SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress:
• Intensity of force, or force per unit area,
acting tangent to A
• Symbol used for shear stress, is (tau)
GENERAL STATE OF STRESS
General state of stress:
• Figure shows the state of stress acting
around a chosen point in a body
Units (SI system)
• Newtons per square meter (N/m2) or a
pascal (1Pa = 1 N/m2)
• kPa = 103 N/m2 (kilo-pascal)
• MPa = 106 N/m2 (mega-pascal)
• GPa = 106 N/m2 (giga-pascal)
1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa
EVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Axially loaded bars are usually long and slender
structural members such as beams, trusses, hangers,
bolts
1. Assumed to be Prismatic (i.e., all the cross sections
are the same)
2. If the force P is assumed to have been applied along
its centroidal axis and bar is assumed to experience
Uniform Deformation:, i.e., Bar remain straight
before and after load is applied, and cross section
remain flat or plane during deformation
3. Homogeneous material has the same physical and
mechanical properties throughout its volume, and
4. Isotropic material has the same properties in all
directions
EVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR (continued)
Average normal stress distribution:
= average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = x-sectional area of the bar
EVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR (continued)
EQUILIBRIUM
• Consider vertical equilibrium of the element
Tension Compression
SIGN CONVENTION:
• P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the
Stress on element
member
Free-body diagram • P is negative (-) if it causes compression
EVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR (continued)
Maximum everage normal stress
• For problems where internal force P and cross-sectional area A were
constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar , normal stress = P/A
is also constant
• If the bar is subjected to several external loads along its axis, or if its
cross-sectional area changes along its axis, the normal stress within
the bar could be different from one section to the next
• Thus, it is important to find the maximum average normal stress
• To determine that, we need to find the location where ratio P/A is a
maximum.
EXAMPLE 1
Given: The bar in figure has a constant width
of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the maximum average normal
stress in the bar when it is subjected to the
loading shown.
Plan:
• Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot
of P/N vs. its position x along bar’s length)
• Identify the maximum normal force from
the plot
• Use = P/A, where A is at the cross-section
of maximum normal force to calculate the
Maximum Average Normal Stress
EXAMPLE 1 (continued)
SOLUTION:
• By inspection, the internal axial forces in
regions AB, BC, & CD are all constant yet of
different magnitudes. Using the method of
sections, these loadings loading are
determined in figure (b); and the normal
force diagram, which represents these results
graphically, is shown in (c). The largest
loading is in region BC, where PBC = 30 kN.
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is
constant, the largest average normal stress
also occurs within this region of the bar.
EXAMPLE 2
Given: Member AC shown in figure is subjected to a
vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the position x of this
force so that the average compressive stress at the
smooth support C is equal to the average tensile stress in
the tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400
mm2 and the constant area at C is 650 mm2.
SOLUTION:
Internal loading. The forces at A and C can be related by
considering the free-body for member AC, Fig –b. There are three
unknowns, namely, FAB, FC and x. To solve this problem we will
work in units of newtons and millimeters.
FY = 0; FAB + FC – 3000 N = 0 (1)
MA = 0; -(3000 N)(x) + FC (200mm) = 0 (2)
EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
Average Normal Stress. A necessary third
equation can be written that requires the tensile
stress in the bar AB and the compressive stress at
C to be equivalent, i.e.,
= FC = 1.625 FAB
Substituting this in to Eq. 1, solving for FAB ,
then solving for FC, we obtain
FAB = 1143 N FC = 1857 N
The position of the applied load is determined
from Eq. 2.
x = 124 mm
NOTE: 0 x 200 mm, as required.
PROBLEMS
Problem 1. The 80-kg lamp is supported
by two rods AB and BC as shown in Fig. If
AB has a diameter of 10mm and BC has a
diameter of 8 mm. Determine the average
normal stress in each rod.
Problem 2. Find the normal stress in
each section of the beam
