By dr.
absar ullah khan
Normal
Distribution
What is Normal (Gaussian)
Distribution?
• The normal distribution is a descriptive model
that describes real world situations.
• It is defined as a continuous frequency distribution of
infinite range
• This is the most important probability distribution in
statistics and important tool in analysis of
epidemiological data and management science.
Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) Mean = 0 & SD = 1
F
r SD ± 1
e
SD ± 2
q
u SD ± 3
e
n
c
y
Continuous variable
Standard Normal Distribution
>SD ± 2 = Abnormal
Normal Distribution
It is Continuous, Symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of
a variable.
Follow normally
distribution
Serum Albumin, Height, Serum Cholesterol,
Body temperature of healthy persons
Most variables not follow
normally distribution
We used “Clinical Limits”
rather than “Normal Limits”
(within 2 Standard deviation)
Properties of Normal Distribution
1. It is a bell-
shaped
Properties of Normal Distribution
2. Mean, Median & Mode are equal &
located at the centre of distribution
MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE
Properties of Normal Distribution
3. It is Unimodal (i.e. it has only one mode)
Properties of Normal Distribution
4. Total area is 1 or 100%.
1 or 100%
Properties of Normal Distribution
5. Curve is symmetric about the mean.
0.5 or 50% area on either side of mean
0.5 0r 50% 0.5 0r 50%
0.5 (or 50%) + 0.5 (or 50%) = 1 (or 100%)
Properties of Normal Distribution
6. Curve area never touches
the X-axis.
µ=0 & S=1
-3S -2S -1S µ=0 +1S +2S +3S
The standard normal distribution is a normal
distribution with a mean of 0 & standard deviation of 1.
Sigma (σ) or Standard
deviation (S)
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S +3S
Properties of Normal Distribution
7. ±1S=0.68 (68%), ±2S=0.95 (95%), ±3S=0.997 (99.7%)
-3S -2S -1S +1S +2S +3S
34.13 34.13
2.5 2.5
13.513 13.513
0
1
-3S
-3 sd(σ) -2S
-2 sd(σ) -1S
-1 sd(σ) µ 0 +1S
+1 sd(σ) +2S
+2 sd(σ) +3S
+3 sd(σ)
68%
95.45%
99.73%
34.13 34.13
2.5 2.5
13.513 13.513
0
1
-3S
-3 sd(σ) -2S
-2 sd(σ) -1S
-1 sd(σ) µ 0 +1S
+1 sd(σ) +2S
+2 sd(σ) +3S
+3 sd(σ)
68%
95.45%
99.73%
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
+3S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
-3S -2S -1S 0 +1S +2S
+3S
• Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=0 & Z=2.34
????
Z=0 Z=2.34
Z=2.34 = 0.4904 Area b/w Z=0 & Z=2.34
• Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=0 & Z=2.34
0.4904 or 49.04%
Z=0 Z=2.34
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=0 & Z=1.8
?????
Z=0 Z=1.8
Area b/w Z=0 & Z=1.8
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=0 & Z=1.8
0.4641
Z=0 Z=1.8
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=0 & Z=-1.75
0.4599 or 45.99%
Z=- 1.75 Z=0
Find the area under normal distribution to
the right of Z=-1.16
Z=-1.16=0.3770 + 0.5000=0.8770 or 87.70%
0.3770 0.5000
Z=-1.16
Find the area under normal distribution to
the left of Z=1.99
Z=1.99=0.4767 + 0.5000=0.9767 or 97.67%
0.4767
0.5000
Z=1.99
Find the area under normal distribution to
the left of Z=-1.93
Z=-1.93=0.4732 0.5000- 0.4732= 0.0268 or 2.68%
0.0268
or
2.68%
0.4732
Z=-1.93
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=2 & Z=2.47
Z=2=0.4772 Z=2.47=0.4932
0.4932
0.4932
-0.4772
0.0160 or
1.60%
0.4772
Z=2 Z=2.47
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=+1.68 & Z=-
1.37
0.4147+ 0.4535=0.8682 or 86.82%
Z=-1.37=0.4147
Z=1.68=0.4535
Z=-1.37 Z=1.68
Find the area under normal
distribution between Z=-2.48 & Z=-
0.83
Z=-2.48=0.4934 0.4934 - 0.2967=0.1967 or 19.67%
Z=-0.83=0.2967
0.1967
Z=- Z=-0.83
2.48
Calculate the Z value
0.0239
Z
Calculate the Z value
Z = 1.98
0.0239
Z
Calculate the Z value
0.4738
Z
Calculate the Z value
Z = -1.94
0.4738
Z
Calculate the Z value
0.4066
Z
Calculate the Z value
Z = 1.32
0.4066
Z
Calculate the Z value
0.0166
Z
Calculate the Z value
Z = -2.12
0.0166
Z
Calculate the Z value
Z = -1.94
0.4738
Z
Calculation of Zee score
Z = X -- µ
σ
Z =
zee
scor
eX
=
You received a grade of 86 on a BIOSTAT
post test. The scores for your class can be
considered as having a normal distribution
with a mean grade of 82 and a standard
deviation of 8. Where do you stand in the
class regarding your performance on the
test?
0.1915
0.5000
82 86
Z = X -- µ x=86, µ= 82 Z = 86 – 82 = 0.5
σ σ=8 8
Area for Z = 0.5 0.1915 + 0.5000
0.1915 =0.6915 or 69.15 %
Your grade is higher than 69.15% of the class
If the heights of male youngsters are normally
distributed with a mean of 60 inches and a
standard deviation of 10, what percentage of
the boys height would we expect to be
• between 45 and 75
• between 30 and 90
• less than 50
• 45 or more
• 75 or more
• between 50 and 75
Between
0.4332 0.4332
45
and
75 X1 X2
30 40 45 50 60 70 75 80 90
forX1 Z = X1 -- µ X1 = 45 µ=60 Z = 45 – 60 = -1.5 Area for X1 = -1.5 = 0.4332
σ σ=10 10
forX2 Z = X2 -- µ X2 = 75 µ=60 Z = 75 – 60 = 1.5 Area for X2 = 1.5 = 0.4332
σ σ=10 10
Total area = X1+X2
0.4332 + 0.4332 = 0.8664 or 86.64%
Between
0.4987 0.4987
30
and
90
X1 X2
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
forX1 Z = X1 -- µ X1 = 30 µ=60 Z = 30 – 60 = -3 Area for X1 = 0.4987
σ σ=10 10
forX2 Z = X2 -- µ X2 = 90 µ=60 Z =90 – 60 = 3 Area for X2 = 0.4987
σ σ=10 10
Total area = X1+X2
0.4987 + 0.4987 = 0.9974 or 99.74%
Less
than 0.5000
50
0.3413
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Z = X -- µ X = 50 µ=60 Z = 50 – 60 = -1 Area = 0.3413
σ σ=10 10
0.5000 – 0.3413 = 0.1587 or 15.87%
Assume that the age at onset of disease X is
distributed normally with a mean of 50 years
and a standard deviation of 12 years. What
is the probability that an individual afflicted
with disease X developed it before age 35?
0.5000
0.3944
35 50
Z = X -- µ x=35 µ= 50 Z = 35 – 50= -1.25
σ σ=12 12
Area for Z = -1.25 0.5000 – 0.3944
0.3944 =0.1056 or 10.56%
10.56 % probability that an individual afflicted
with disease X developed it before age 35.
The Empirical Rule for the Normal Distribution When
you have normally distributed data, the standard deviation
becomes particularly valuable. You can use it to determine the
proportion of the values that fall within a specified number of
standard deviations from the mean.
For example, in a normal distribution, 68% of the observations fall
within +/- 1 standard deviation from the mean. This property is part of
the Empirical Rule, which describes the percentage of the data that
fall within specific numbers of standard deviations from the mean for
bell-shaped curves.
Percentage of data
Mean +/- standard deviations
contained
1 68%
2 95%
3 99.7%
Let’s look at a pizza delivery example. Assume that a pizza
restaurant has a mean delivery time of 30 minutes and a standard
deviation of 5 minutes. Using the Empirical Rule, we can
determine that 68% of the delivery times are between 25-35
minutes (30 +/- 5), 95% are between 20-40 minutes (30 +/- 2*5),
and 99.7% are between 15-45 minutes (30 +/-3*5). The chart
below illustrates this property graphically.
Blood pressure readings are obtained from
nearly 200000 participants in a large scale
community blood pressure screening program.
The mean diastolic B.P. is 85 mm of Hg with a
standard deviation of 13 mm of Hg & Systolic
B.P. is 128 mm of Hg with a standard deviation
of 18 mm of Hg
1. What proportion of individuals have diastolic
BP > 90 mm of Hg ?
2. What proportion of individuals have systolic
BP > 140 mm of Hg ?
THANK YOU
