Problem solving through programming

Unit-1

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 1

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 2
Shalini Joseph ,ISE

3
Shalini Joseph ,ISE

4
Introduction
C was developed in the early 1970s by Dennis
Ritchie at Bell Laboratories.
 A high-level programming language.
 Small size. C has only 32 keywords. This makes it
relatively easy to learn.
C is portable: Software written for one computer
can run on another
C is well suited for structured programming.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 5
Main Uses of C
 1. System Programming
 Writing operating systems (e.g., Unix, Linux kernel is written in C)
 2. Embedded Systems
 C is used to program microcontrollers and IoT devices
 Common in automotive, consumer electronics, robotics
 3. Developing Compilers and Interpreters
 Many modern compilers (for C, C++, Python) are written in C
 4. Operating Systems
 Most OS kernels, including parts of Windows, Linux, and macOS,
are in C.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 6
Computer
A computer is an
electronic device that
manipulates
information, or data.
It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and
process data.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 7
 You are explaining how data flows in a
computer system to a beginner. Using the
block diagram of a computer, explain how
input data is processed and displayed as
output.
 Input Devices:
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
 Central Processing Unit (CPU):
 Memory/Storage:
 Output Devices:
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 8
 Introductory Concepts
INPUT UNIT
 Major functions of the input unit:

 Data is processed by the user.

 Machine-readable form

 Transmit converted data into main memory

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 9

 Introductory Concepts
 Brain of computer CPU
 Controls operations
 Core of any computer devices.
 A program is a set of instructions.
 Ex: Sending file to printer, opening browser,
playing music or video.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 10
 Introductory Concepts
Control Unit
 Controller of all the tasks and operations.
 Instructions are converted to control signals.
 Prioritizing and scheduling activities.
 Coordinates the tasks by sync with I/O

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 11

 Introductory Concepts
Memory Unit
 Processed data is stored in memory unit.
 Acts as hub of all data.
 Faster accessing and processing.
There are two types:
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 12
 Introductory Concepts
Memory Unit
Primary memory:
 Cannot store vast amount of data.
 Used to store recent data
 Temporary Storage Device
 Known as main memory / volatile memory
 Ex: RAM, ROM, Cache..etc
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 13
 Introductory Concepts
Memory Unit

Secondary memory:
 Permanent / auxiliary memory.
 Data does not get erased easily.
 Ex: Hard disk , SSD, USB, Floppy Disk, CD, DVD..etc.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 14

 Introductory Concepts
ALU
 Performs the computers data processing functions.
 Mathematical calculations or arithmetic
operations are performed.
 Comparison of data and decision-making actions.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 15

 Introductory Concepts
Output Unit
 Processed data is received by the user
 Form of soft copy or hard copy
 Converts it into a readable form
 Devices like printers, monitors,
projectors ..etc
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 16
How to develop a
program?
1. Understand the problem.

2. Plan the logic (write algorithms and draw flowcharts to understand the logic).

3. Code the program (Select a suitable language and platform).

4. Use software to translate the program into machine language.

5. Test the program.

6. Put the program into production.

7. Maintain the program.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 17
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 18
 Algorithm

 Step by Step Description

 Blueprint to write program
 Solving complex problems efficiently and
effectively.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 19

 Algorithm 1: Add two numbers entered by
the user
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and
sum.
Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.
Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the
result to sum.
sum←num1+num2
Step 5: Display sum
Step 6: Stop

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 20

Algorithm to Find Average of Three
Integers
 Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input three integers: A, B, C
Step 3: Compute sum = A + B + C
Step 4: Compute average = sum / 3
Step 5: Output the average
Step 6: End

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 21

Design an algorithm to find the
largest of three integers
 Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input three integers: A, B, and C
Step 3:
If A > B and A > C, then
A is the largest
Else if B > C, then
B is the largest
Else
C is the largest
Step 4: Output the largest number
Step 5: End
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 22
Flowchart

 A flowchart is a visual diagram that shows the

steps of a process or algorithm using symbols
and arrows.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 23

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 24
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 25
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 26
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 27
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 28
A student is struggling to visualize how their code
will run. Draw a flowchart to find the largest of
three numbers provided by the user.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 29

Flow chart to check if an integer
input is a positive or negative
integer

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 30

Design a flow chart to print the sum
of first n positive integers

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 31

 Structure of C program

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 32

Your First C Program

// This is my first program in C

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("\n Welcome to the world of C ");
return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 33
 stdio.h stands for Standard Input Output Header.
 It is a header file in C standard library that
provides functions for input and output (I/O).
 main() is the entry point of every C program.
 Execution of a C program always starts from
main().
 It is a function that can return a value to the
operating system.
 int means the function returns an integer value.
 returning 0 means the program executed
successfully
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 34
Character Set(Alphabets of C)
 A symbols that is used while writing a program is
called a character .
 A character can be letter, digit or any special symbol.

Eg:
 Letters: lowercase a to z ,upper case letters A to Z
 Digits: 0 to 9
 Symbols:#,(,),% etc
 White space:\n(new line),\t(tab)

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 35

 C Tokens
 A token is a smallest or basic unit of a c program.
 One or more characters are grouped in sequence to form
meaningful words.
 These meaningful words are called tokens.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 36

 Keywords
 Reserve words are called keyword.
 They have standard predefined meanings in C
C has 32 keywords

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 37

Identifiers

 Identifiers are names given to program elements such as

variables, arrays and functions.
Rules for forming identifier name
 Can contain letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and
underscores ( _ )
 Must begin with a letter or underscore, NOT a digit
 Can not be a keyword(int,for)
 No special character like @,%
C is case sensitive(COUNT not equal to count)
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 38
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 39
Constants
 Constant is a fixed value that can not be altered
during the execution of a program.
4 types of Constants
1. Integer
2. Floating-point
3. Character
4. String

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 40

 Integer constant
 Is an integer Valued Number.
 It refers to a sequence of digits. Integers are of
three types viz:
Example: Hexadecimal, Decimal, Octal
15, -265, 0, 99818, +25, 045, 0X6

41
Shalini Joseph ,ISE
Floating-Point Constants in C
 A floating-point constant is a numeric constant that
has either a fractional form or an exponent form.
 A floating-point constant can be written in decimal
or exponential notation.
• Decimal floating-point .
Example: 3.14, 6.022, 6.0, etc.
• Exponential floating-point
• Example: 6.022e23, etc.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 42
Character Constants & String Constants
in C
 Character constants are used to represent individual
characters.
 Example: ‘A’, ‘5’, etc.
 String constants are used to represent a sequence of
characters.
Example: "Hello World", "123", etc.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 43

How to declare Constants in C

 Constants in C are declared in mainly two ways. The

two ways are:
 Using const Keyword
 Using #define Preprocessor Directive

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 44

 Declaring Constants in C using const Keyword
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {

 const int a=20;

 printf("%d", a);
 return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 45
 Declaring Constants in C using #define
 #include <stdio.h>
 #define PI 3.14
 int main() {
 printf("%f", PI);
 return 0;
}

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 46

Types of Constants in C
Type of Constants Data type Example of Data type

Integer constants
int
23, 738, -1278, etc. unsigned int 2000u, 5000U, etc.

long int, long long 325,647 1,245,473,940

int
Floating-point or Real
constants
doule float 20.987654
500.987654321
Octal constant int Example: 013 /*starts with 0
*/
Hexadecimal constant int Example: 0x90 /*starts with
0x*/
character constants char Example: ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’

string constants char Example: “PQRS”, “ABCD”

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 47
 Variables
 Variable is an identifier that is used to represent a single
data items
 Variable is a name given to a memory location where the
data can be stored.
 Declaration: A variable must be declared before
use.
 data_type variable_name;
 int age;
 float salary;
 char grade;
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 48
Variable Initialization

Initialization: Variables can be assigned a value during or

after declaration.
 int age = 25;
 Scope: Variables can have different scopes:
 Local: Declared inside a function and accessible only
within it.
 Global: Declared outside all functions and accessible
throughout the program.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 49

Rules In Naming a Variable

 It should use only alphabets, number and

underscore ( _ )
– It should not begin with a number and must
have at least one alphabet.
 – It should not be a reserved word.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 50

Data Type

 Data types define the type and size of data a

variable can hold.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 51

 Size (Typical Format
Data Type Description Example
32-bit) Specifier

Integer
int int a = 10; 4 bytes %d
numbers

Single
float x =
float precision 4 bytes %f
3.14;
decimal

Double
double y =
double precision 8 bytes %lf
3.14159;
decimal

Single char ch =
char 1 byte %c
character 'A';

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 52

Formatted I/O Functions
 Formatted I/O functions help to display the
output to the user in different formats using the
format specifiers. Support all datatypes.
 printf()
 printf() function is used in a C program to
display any value like float, integer, character,
string, etc on the console screen.
 It is a pre-defined function that is already
declared in the stdio.h(header file).
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 53
 Printf Syntax:
 printf("format string", arg1, arg2, ...);
formatted_string: It is a string that specifies the
data to be printed. It may also contain a format
specifier as a placeholder to print the value of
any variable or value.
 args...: These are the variable/values
corresponding to the format specifier.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 54

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 10;
 float b = 3.1415;
 char c = 'A';
 char str[] = "Hello";

 printf("Integer: %d\n", a);

 printf("Float: %.2f\n", b);
 printf("Character: %c\n", c);
 printf("String: %s\n", str);
 return 0;
 }

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 55

Formatted I/O Functions
 scanf()
 scanf() function is used in the C program for reading
or taking any value from the keyboard by the user.
 Is a pre-defined function declared in stdio.h(header
file).
 In scanf() function we use &(address-of operator)
which is used to store the variable value on the
memory location of that variable.
 scanf("Format Specifier", &var1, &var2, ...., &varn);
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 56
Difference Between printf and scanf

printf()
Feature scanf() (Input)
(Output)
Purpose Displays data Reads data
Uses Format specifiers Format specifiers
Variables Values Addresses (&)
Example printf("%d", x); scanf("%d", &x);
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 57
intage = 25;
printf("I am %d years old.\n", age);

intnum;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 58

Unformatted Input/Output
Functions
 Unformatted I/O functions are used only for
character data type or character array/string and
cannot be used for any other datatype.
 getchar()
 The getchar() function reads one character at one
time until and unless the enter key is pressed.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 59

Unformatted Input/Output Functions

 putchar()
 The putchar() function is used to display a single
character at a time by passing that character
directly to it.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 60

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main()
 {
 char ch;
 printf("Enter any character: ");
 // Reads a character
 ch = getchar();
 // Displays that character
 putchar(ch);
 return 0;
 }
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 61
Unformatted Input/Output Functions
 gets()
 gets() function reads a group of characters or
strings from the keyboard by the user.

 puts()
 In C programming puts() function is used to
display a group of characters.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 62

Difference: Formatted vs
Unformatted I/O
Unformatted I/O
Formatted I/O (printf,
Feature (getchar, putchar,
scanf)
gets, puts)
Limited
High (uses format
Flexibility (characters/strings
specifiers)
only)
Ease of use More complex Simple and faster

Example Input scanf("%d", &x); x = getchar();

Example Output
Shalini Joseph ,ISE
printf("%d", x); putchar(x); 63
Operators and Expressions
 Operators are symbols that represent some kind
of operation, such as mathematical, relational,
bitwise, conditional, or logical computations,
which are to be performed on values or
variables.
 The values and variables used with operators are
called operands.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 64

Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 Relational operators
 Logical operators
 Assignment operators
 Increment and Decrement operators
 Conditional operators
 Bitwise operators
 Special operators
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 65
Arithmetic Operators
Used for basic mathematical operations :

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 66

 Addition (+): Adds two operands.
 Subtraction (-): Subtracts second operand from
the first.
 Multiplication (*): Multiplies two operands.
 Division (/): Divides first operand by the second
(returns quotient).
 Modulus (%): Returns the remainder of division
of the first operand by the second.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 67

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 25, b = 5;
 // using operators and printing results
 printf("a + b = %d\n", a + b);
 printf("a - b = %d\n", a - b);
 printf("a * b = %d\n", a * b);
 printf("a / b = %d\n", a / b);
 printf("a % b = %d\n", a % b);
 return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 68
Relational Operators:
Used to compare two values: If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 69

Relational Operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 25, b = 5;
// using operators and printing results
printf("a < b : %d\n", a < b);
printf("a > b : %d\n", a > b);
printf("a <= b: %d\n", a <= b);
printf("a >= b: %d\n", a >= b);
printf("a == b: %d\n", a == b);
printf("a != b : %d\n", a != b);
return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 70
Logical Operators
Used for logical operations:

OPERATOR MEANING EXAMPLE

If c = 5 and d = 2 then,
Logical AND. True only
&& expression ((c==5) && (d>5))
if all operands are true
equals to 0.
Logical OR. True only if If c = 5 and d = 2 then,
|| either one operand is expression ((c==5) || (d>5))
true equals to 1.
Logical NOT. True only If c = 5 then, expression !
!
if the operand is 0 (c==5) equals to 0.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 71

Logical Operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 25, b = 5;
// using operators and printing results
printf("%d\n", a>4 && a<3);
printf("%d\n", a>8 || a<4);
printf("%d\n", !(a==5));
return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 72
Assignment Operators

 An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a

variable. The most common assignment operator is =
Operator Example

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 73

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 5;
 // Equivalent to a = a + 3
 a += 3;
 printf("%d", a);
 return 0;
}

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 74

 C Increment and Decrement Operators

 Used to increase or decrease values:

 ++(increment):Increases the value of a variable by 1
 and --(decrement):decreases the value of a variable by 1.
 Pre Increment:
 Increases the value of the variable by 1 before it is used in an expression.
 int x = 5;
 int y = ++x; // x becomes 6, y is assigned 6
 Post Increment:
 Increases the value of the variable by 1 after it is used in an expression.
 int x = 5;
 int y = x++; // y is assigned 5, then x becomes 6
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 75
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main()
 {
 int a = 5, b = 5, c = 5, d = 5;
 a++; // postfix increment
 ++b; // prefix increment
 c--; // postfix decrement
 --d; // prefix decrement
 printf("a = %d\n", a);
 printf("b = %d\n", b);
 printf("c = %d\n", c);
 printf("d = %d\n", d);
 return 0;
 }
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 76
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 5, b;
 // Pre-increment
 b = ++a;
 printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // a=6, b=6
 a = 5; // reset
 // Post-increment
 b = a++;
 printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); // a=6, b=5
 return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 77
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 5, b;
 b = 2 * ++a; // a=6, then b=2*6=12
 printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
 return 0;
}
 Output
a = 6, b = 12
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 78
Applications of Pre-Increment (++x)
 1.Used in Complex Expressions
 When you want the variable incremented before use in an expression.
 int x = 5, y;
 y = 10 + ++x; // x becomes 6 first, then used
 printf("%d %d", x, y);
 // Output: 6 16
 2.Efficient Loop Control (especially in while loops)
 Updates the value before checking condition.
 int i = 0;
 while (++i <= 5) { // increment first, then check
 printf("%d ", i);
 }
 // Output: 1 2 3 4 5
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 79
C Bitwise Operators
 During computation, mathematical operations like: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. are converted to bit-
level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 80

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 81
 Bitwise AND (&)
 Result bit = 1 only if both bits are 1.
5 & 3 → 0101 & 0011 = 0001 → 1
 Bitwise OR (|)
 Result bit = 1 if at least one bit is 1.
5 | 3 → 0101 | 0011 = 0111 → 7
 Bitwise XOR (^)
 Result bit = 1 if bits are different.
5 ^ 3 → 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110 → 6
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 82
 Bitwise NOT (~)
 Inverts each bit (1 → 0, 0 → 1).
 Left Shift (<<)
 Shifts bits to the left, fills with 0s.
5 << 1 → 0101 → 1010 → 10
 Right Shift (>>)
 Shifts bits to the right.
 For positive numbers: fills with 0s.
5 >> 1 → 0101 → 0010 → 2
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 83
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 12, b = 25;
 printf("Output = %d", a & b);
 return 0;
}

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 84

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 8; // 00001000 in binary
 int b = 4; // 00000100 in binary

 printf("a & b = %d\n", a & b); // Bitwise AND()

 printf("a | b = %d\n", a | b); // Bitwise OR
 printf("a ^ b = %d\n", a ^ b); // Bitwise XOR
 printf("~a = %d\n", ~a); // Bitwise NOT
 printf("a << 2 = %d\n", a << 2); // Left shift
 printf("b >> 2 = %d\n", b >> 2); // Right shift

 return 0;
 }
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 85
Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) in C
 The conditional operator ?: is the only ternary
operator in C (takes 3 operands).
 It is a shorthand for if-else.
 Syntax of Conditional operators
 condition ? expression1 : expression2;
 If condition is true → expression1 is
executed/returned.
 If condition is false → expression2 is
executed/returned.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 86
Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) in C
 #include <stdio.h>
 int main() {
 int a = 10, b = 20;
 int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // Assigns the larger
value to 'max'
 printf("The maximum value is: %d\n", max);
 return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 87
Special Operators in C
 special operators that serve unique purposes.
 1.Comma Operator(,)
 Purpose: Used to separate multiple expressions,
evaluating them from left to right.
 int a = (1, 2, 3); // a will be assigned the value 3
 2.Sizeof Operator (sizeof):
 Usage: Returns the size (in bytes) of a variable
or data type.
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 88
The sizeof operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char=%lu byte\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 89
Arithmetic Expressions
 An arithmetic expression in C is a
combination of operands (constants,
variables) and arithmetic operators
that evaluates to a value.
a +b*c
 Here a,b,c are operands
 +,* are operators

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 90

Evaluation of Expression
Where a=5,b=10

c = a* 2 + b / 2 ;
c = 5 * 2 + 10 / 2 ;
c = 10 + 10 / 2 ;
c = 10 + 5;
c = 15;

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 91

Operator precedence and
associativity
 Operator Precedence:
 Precedence decides the order in which
operators are applied in an expression.
Example:
 int x = 10 + 20 * 5; // Multiplication has higher
precedence than addition
 // => 10 + (20 * 5) = 110
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 92
Operator precedence and
associativity
 Associativity:
 Associativity decides the direction of evaluation
when operators have the same precedence.
 int x = 5, y = 10, z = 15;
 int result = x < y < z; // '<' is left to right
 // (x < y) < z → (1) < 15 → 1

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 93

Operator Precedence

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 94

A calculator program needs to compute
the result of (5 + 3) * 2 - 8 / 4. Evaluate
the expression and explain the operator
precedence used in evaluation.
 Expression:
 (5+3)∗2−8/4
 Step 1: Parentheses first
 (5+3)=8
 So expression becomes:
 8∗2−8/4
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 95
 Step 2: Multiplication and Division (from left to right)
 First multiplication:
 8∗2=16
 16−8/4
 Then division:
 8/4=2
 16−2
 Step 3: Subtraction
 16−2=14
 Final Answer

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 96

Evaluation of Expression
 (10 - 4) + (20 / (2 * 5)) * 3;
1.Parentheses:
(10−4)=6 and (2×5)=10
2. Division and multiplication (left → right):
20/10=2
2×3=6
3.Addition:
6+6=12

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 97

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main()
{
 printf("%d",7 + 2 * 4 - 3);
 return 0;
}

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 98

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main()
{
 printf("%d",1 == 2 != 3);
 return 0;
}
 Output
1

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 99

 (20 / 3) * 3 + (20 % 3)
 Steps:
 20 / 3 = 6 (integer division) → 6 * 3 = 18
 20 % 3 = 2 → 18 + 2 = 20
 Result: 20

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 100

Type Conversion
 In C, when different data types are used together in an
expression, the compiler automatically converts them to
a common type to avoid data loss or mismatch. This
process is called type conversion.
 Two Type:
 Implicit Type Conversion
 Explicit Type Conversion

Shalini Joseph ,ISE 101

Implicit Type Conversion

 Happens automatically by the compiler.

 Example

int a = 5;
double b = 2.5;
double c = a + b; // 'a' is converted to double
before addition
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 102
Explicit Type Conversion

 The programmer forces a conversion using cast

operator.
 Example

int a = 5, b = 2;
double c;
// With casting → floating-point division
c = (double)a / b; // c = 2.5
Shalini Joseph ,ISE 103