Computing Technology
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\
n");
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\
n");
}
source code
01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
11010000 00010011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00111000
00000000
00001001 00000000 01000000 00000000 00100100 00000000 00100001
00000000
00000110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000101 00000000 00000000
00000000
01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
01000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
01000000 00000000 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
11111000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
00000000
11111000 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
machine code
input → → output
source code →
source code → → machine code
source code → compiler → machine code
Visual Studio Code
The Sandbox
graphical user interface
GUI
command-line interface
CLI
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\
n");
}
code hello.c
make hello
./hello
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\
n");
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\
n");
}
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
printf("hello, world\
n");
input → → output
arguments → function → side effects
→ →
escape sequences
\n
\r
\"
\'
\\
…
header files
libraries
stdio.h
Manual Pages
manual.cs50.io
manual.cs50.io/#stdio.h
manual.cs50.io/3/printf
cs50.h
manual.cs50.io/#cs50.h
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
input → → output
arguments → function → return value
→ →
string answer = get_string(
);
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name?
");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name?
");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name?
");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name?
");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
string answer = get_string("What's your name?
");
printf("hello, %s", answer);
printf("hello, %s", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
printf("hello, %s\n", answer);
cd
cp
ls
mkdir
mv
rm
rmdir
...
cd
cp
ls
mkdir
mv
rm
rmdir
...
types
bool
char
double
float
int
long
string
...
bool
char
double
float
int
long
string
...
bool
char
double
float
int
long
string
...
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
format codes
%c
%f
%i
%li
%s
%c
%f
%i
%li
%s
%c
%f
%i
%li
%s
conditionals
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else
{
printf("x is not less than y\
n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\
n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\
n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\
n");
}
else if (x == y)
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
if (x < y)
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
else if (x > y)
{
printf("x is greater than y\
n");
}
else
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
}
operators
=
<
<=
>
>=
==
!=
…
variables
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
int counter = 0;
counter = counter + 1;
counter = counter +
1;;
counter += 1;
counter++;
counter--;
bool
char
double
float
int
long
string
...
bool
char
double
float
int
long
string
...
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
get_char
get_double
get_float
get_int
get_long
get_string
...
loops
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 3;
while (i > 0)
{
printf("meow\n");
i--;
}
int i = 0;
while (i < 3)
{
printf("meow\n");
i++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
while (true)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
while ( )
{
}
while (true)
{
}
while (true)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
control-c
void meow(void)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
int main(void)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
meow();
}
}
void meow(int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("meow\n");
}
}
int main(void)
{
meow(3);
}
scope
int main(void)
{
meow(3);
}
correctness, design, style
arguments → function → side effects
constants
comments
arguments → function → return value
+
…
integer overflow
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
truncation
floating-point imprecision
1999
1999
1900
19 January 2038
Computing Technology
