PT, Mee ae fre No.2) = 7 WaT 2 (Experiment (1) FEN Problemy FH (1oeemineiecnem an ETAT the method of limits ) amount of Muller. (2) Vitae Cntroduction ) Ch sg 3s ye are at ar ar ara Pre ‘Lycr illusion of the subject through an experiment by wate 81 oR Bae far ay gy REGAN (a 90) oh orn fre rm 8 ae ee at A Sae FT aR! Ser there ara Pein ay seeker Rarer ara 8, Pay wet etree (3) Strap, — afnite aang Fer a SR MN rer ese Bs ene eo ha a aT (4) SRBEET ( Hypothesis paisa it . CORR wt aT ST a 3 Fear FORE BH Ge A Thy aa A ake Me oo a ee TT (5) wrefisrenaré ( Preliminaries) Gi) wast ar amy, ante an (ai) ats FH ory (age 18 af, Gili) 7 (sex gen, Civ) Rren—eras ot ard, (v) Reena, (vi) SRa—arer (vii) 3a ar ara 11 aS fet (6) Soepcar ae ArH ( Apparatus and materials H— Ci) Ferearen farars aS ( Muller-Lyer illusion Board ), (ii) TET (screen), Gili) BRT eT ser (7) wien ait eard-worrelt ( Precedure of the Experiment ) (i) Watmrars arferencas ( Experimental design ) ad TSA (No. of wials) 20 Taf (Method) Wraetaty (Method of limits ) 7 10 ata (Ascending ) eae (Series ) 10 sate (Descending) ofa fifa. (Results in mn. ) anrat a arora aarat wet eit Fafiy % wre 20 sears fore STAY, A 10 ores : ED siigeeure = 10 até FAT (descending series) WaT BN Wak Ware HF rier $ rake Br Frcs Ht Fercar TMM are H STAPF ETT HATE (introspective report ) NA TANT ET ei a ait exereent ( Arrangement of the experiment )—watsr & Fae 3 TaEHH atest ST Set 1. ater a ero FS 36 RHWaT, wemdheneoy ar fer ot (2) afte . .. are Te agate te Fa fe Re a Ue at AMIE SE OTT Ngee MIRE AB ar As Prey ore Hh oe ee ET wagner 3} war ee SMH were A rere rr a eer aT aE AT Ferre (illusion ) eT BL aa ae OP SATE Ratde apt i, rea meer eit safer SANT AAT eH ATT Cra SER eter ay fegET weemiaeor aA) wr ard was amg wore 8, 18 athe aT ¢ vi , a seat fi ontiaie wehmene wa visual illusion ) tor Setter wt ( geometrical illusion ) 3HPT (Gene Mine) We ae SN a yk a 2 et wie a ATE Pera OY St ger are ar TFA (universal) Be, PH fr oc Wane SST MET FEN af arate 1 AetST-seT WH ( horizontal-veritical illusion ), F% win ¢ We ee iMtusion ) snk seutirier wer a gece Serer fi ws -ersh Tarsit % wer Ht Ts siding SrA aT AT ge af ag Lar safes ae Peed vet th TRAE ( Muller-Lyer ) rH wh Ase 1896 A ge Sefiede ser aT Gra Preven sate, SS USCA WH eT ST BP ger ST aR are eh 8, a arg Hara ar A TST (arrow headed line ) TH BIT Tat ( feather headed line ) SA 1 RG fas-6, sae wh safer St seckar & Hakear eh eters get th we a rar ster ait 81 Fe BY ae we afr TAT Ha & sit fart SY er oT A ort: aE AT BIE (universal ) TT ZAE ( permanent ) Zar Zt @ @ fer tet —6 : ye oT AE FET UR wr Hi star 8, ye UH Sle wren @, frase aU & fee zs frarT ( theories ) fasion Ext . Gi) Site-nfa fret (eye movement theory ) 3 SAR a ae Var Ht Aas TAT stat St ah saz a six Sr @ otk caarett Yar Ht Baa aaa are FT BI Hee: AT a SATE aT STAC ( under estimation ) Ta Wa Toit Tar a sARTATTITA ( over estimation ) St rar’, (ii) Bert fear ( perspective theory ) agar dwar w tata a onfaa Tas fds obliques ) a mer f Sear 21 gafere was aa TT taker aS aT a (iii) “Tey FETA empathy theory ) % SgaR tara a Raa we tere wr SgNe a B Sh ditar & taker ways ast Att 2 ; Civ) 3153 Farr Fara=I( good figure theory ) % separa Ta-Ta Tar aa BI TAS FTE obliques ) 3 cer Sasa ST HK TTT) ater Hate ast cont 1 St wh feral Fah were’ 7 ar Fratfes wer Be fore srinhferes fafiret ( psychophysical methods ) Ht STARR FRAT year carat #1 farsi wa & attra arefex fafiz ( method of average error ) Tet ‘dhr-fafit ( method of limits ) ar mae fart siren B* rege srinr # afters areyfer fafa aor re Fava TET ge fale A BE ATT ————— | T Muson sa cognitive mental process through which We have the false knowledge of the preset stimulus. 2. “Illusion is a mistaken or distorted perception. —Chaplin, 1975, p. 248 So ire aay a arr foe yore techn &, AT arate wef PECTS aeprhnface an are, Fa 1896 ft ge Senfrdtr we aT ast Frere 4 sex poh fait ft mare ere: TES 37 ew eTBy seearr fy ion wet tert & gare oar 81 £8 STEHT Far (adjustment method ), JTECMET-FAfy ( reproduction method ), WaT Fae (equation methods ) StF FET Tt . =, _ 3a fafir at aifrator-fafir satay aed 8 fa seit seis AT wer ware (trial) H Yer : comparison stimulus ) #2 WEME TENET ( standard stimulus ) 2 UT wT THE aifirafsra Se al 8 Sea ear yt a Rab AY AT-M Sane ea ger Fe Heiser arcane erat Se (St ater) A mew Ts TAAL ) A ToT TART eT aT RTA Bi Ee TE gH athe oTERE fair Fafery wee & fee ga wats 3s Fvfa (judgments) A sie Arar Frater a ont 21 fir-Fs ward Ciials ) 3 sires % frofa # si gteut Gta 8 Sra ATET( mean ) Batter Wf ( average error ) HEATH Bi sret & fatemsit aren ae fake ara winien fabri & firs ee ge fate A oniferes Sere randomness ) TS ST @, fore arr Fe fafir BM-fakix( method of limits ) B Feat 81 Aer, fe sey (method of constant stimuli) & fear &, azifas gat yor atta (randomness ) WE Brat #1 sia argfa fate i ae aaa, a ifn areca Bet &, Fore afer Ft Be ( error of movement ) Sat SIR FH FE (error of sapce ) ake Y) JAAN ( comparison stimulus ) Sz, weter A ae 3 SRT ee wore tea wea BENT (standard stimulus) $8, AAT TIAL Fae Sadr % Free § art: aft (inward moversent ) ST areI-Ae ( outward movement ) * HT Git ze Ses erat 8, SB ne at gfe aed 8 eet ae geese (Sahara) A ated OI aT anh Se Te aS BIg SET ( FAR Ra ) Be aera se aT he Bs Profer ea tar Be eae ay ae aT ae ae St gf Sars Ohi 8, we giz set SaF-GFE ( space error) #3 AA % fore 50% wart H tartar a arfieht sie (R) ste Acar 8 ard oie eax water a fear star $1 ote 50% were H taker SY ant Se (L) wer AST 38 aif She eee weitoa Fr feat ira 2 FS GE aAe-HE( movement error) 1 Ge HE HHT SOw wari Sorta Hr aia S Shar He wee a fer rar 8 af BE ata a aTeT SH IT outward, O) Sraax sitar & aT FET vB! HT 50% Fart dascvat wT ken Boast ae ae feat srt & anf sat tater ar dtccar & ae aay & fae ne at at Cinward, 1) Gays we sartaraay 3 ea fair or rae HE TET ferent we ite finer oft Sar fe we ae Claserd ) crea 8 anit onfecrat it eter &, Reg moa Hf onfrara fit=tar Tg STH 8 ( Seashore et al: 1908; Lewis, 1908; Newbigging, 1965 Rathus, 1986; Nelson, 1995 )! (1\ ae =siren 3 eget ve dare man arate ae aR 3 ae WH ve ( screen ) TE Fear ae, AR Cress) ey a Nee nang) oF Bere AE Tere ER ARR Ie VC as Fea Te, Frera aor arrow headed line ) At TATE 5O FP Te a onerras Féer fem mar, sit Freafead t Civ) PETC Instruction "3A FH STH (ALATA HT A feaeHTa BL) HBG he eee a tart tus tata ott gat deta # data A at Acta ] TIM, wh Tee acy she ot Gar ae ona feaerse anvat ae Tar a fe ate Aa A, a a a 1 ate sme ar yaar wet wh at any we Ga, ae ae aH Tome seh A’ stk ga a gh an seh, war fe saga warm & dha AE afsars aT TBP HEAT eT A ST ge Ber v (v) areafaey wea we ( Conducting actual experiment )—PRA 3% ae Sa wari Corals ) & Berra & Sea ST ( upper limit ) Te FET Ste (lower limit ) A Frater ax Fora wan 25 fro. Fr So Ter 75 fe. ot. Sea ei Fruifer gsi gwar ont ae BoM fe 25 Pet. TERE at ae wrarg @, fore watoa dita & wer star wre teat E75 fH He Ta H ae crag & fa waite Sear & wer eet TARA 81 AH at ( limits ) a Pale a SAF aE 5 FAH. oT (interval ) 1 VE-VaT Bt TATE F 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65,70 Tar 75 fH. Ate HF TM fear TA sit areifas war ype fara Tar wer ware ate ATT (ascending series ) F WE fern TAM He Ver #25 fa he aT gate cae air FH fewreren sen sae Freie ferar Wem Sar We Var Stat SF an frie fear dt ofone-aferar t Star ar fare (—) ferar eM fax ear at orang HS Fa, Bgl aR 30 fe. Ht. Te watST ar Frote fara Tem Sas fee Heater Ht ae ea B rer VF a rote fea St gs: aafereer 3 Stet Ba ae Fore (—) Ferran Tan seit wa 5-5 FHA. aTTaT AR ats a Froha Fara war sie 3& aferar # siftna fire ran Sar 45 fH. a. oe chit Nawsit Ft aaa SA ar rots fear Tr orfean t aaax at fare (=) ferar rami fie 50 fot. oe risa 3 he-uar & ater OF am Frofe fear a afear H aera fag (+) fener TM sa ARI GET FH AE TET WaT FATT EIT! GAT WAT rae FW ( descending series ) F TAT BS fear Ta TELE FH 75 fH. A I TAS KUSH yates a fear Tari Sax ase Vy ar oka Fee safere ofeors afer H aer Sr aT Fete (+) fever ram ara 5 fie Ae Tera 70 faa. at ears we Prcia ferar wai Sat GH: aS ST ae Poie feer ‘aufero Ferre ferear 1a Sei eR $5 Pa eT eTaTERL Ta oe Froher fora Ta Ste ae fos ATT 3 uaeat an aaet a & fia Hae Bret (-) BF ar Profs et fem wet we Ger 20 wera fare aa, fart 10 ante segomd war 10 arate Faron Mi aaUrh we Te wa FH one fey St FT aaa fear arat on aif area At FS (error of anticipation) XS FH! SAH ara feaé introspective report ) Sex atm War we FLAT TAT!TH, Eeeirey men Prin (aieion®) paye sv | os | os| sv] sy] om| sev] sh| me ery + “2 «aD sz] sur] suv] see] sp] sce] str | Sze] upper kaky can) stv] szs| szs| ser] ser] scp] szs| sur] uupete me 7 r] 7 = =z - -/ - - of = z 7 7 se -|- -|-]=]-|- or =|-]-]=2]=2]+] 2] = sy t+]e]efate ele os + fade + + ss + + + + 09 + + + + ‘9 + + + + a + + + + se CSEs7 aq/[vi{ajv vialyv DER (ae je ou) afetols|riefeta wap Bint —{ vivp 2ane{49 ) pos Soy\Bre (x) (ving fo won21109 ) de wot (g)aA 100 Tatras A wan es vert (am) seafhitaror FEtE ( Introspective report —" FE 3 agen 49 ara Pro OF ar wag fea ge § cre Hoag arge REI SAR aE A ae GO Tah ae he BR ae as TT Shs wre & ets} AeA’ monotony YER SY Se var, era TT Pron ge eT BH fe ot eT 4S win § ead we" (9) waar FTO ( Treatment of Data) x t x | fk fx”? 50.0 7 2 14, 28 47.5 1 1 1 1 45.0 9 0 0 0 42.5 2 -I 2 40.0 1 2 4 35 Mean = AM + ci. AM=45 c= # = = = 55725 = 45 + 1.38 = 46.38 mm. 2SYL75= (55)? = 2.5V1 75-30 = 2.50145 =25x 1.20= 3.00: (i) aera aaa fay (PSE) = 46.38 mmo" Gi) FRR FE (CE) Sate 4a Ft APT (extent of illusion ) = Standard ~ PSE = 50 - 46.38 = 3.62 m.m. (iii) Sr FIER ( ascending series ) #1 ATA (mean) 454404 454504 45-1 504454 45450445 _ 460 46mm, (iv) ate sae ( descending series ) BT ATT ( mean ) 475445 + 504454425450 + 425+50+45+50 10 = = 46.75m.m. 4675 10FR Men (Table of Rests af ( CE )] arr: f wa a me fase |anttdt jaan | sata faa (S.D.) | ara Ter Cextent of (mean ) (mean ) illusion ) 46.38 oA} 3.62 frat, 3 46 firaft. | 46.75 fmt. (10) ferdkerr yst sarsA (Discussion and interpretation )—"frome anfert (table of results ) Sah & ere &h or t fs wate 3 acta Bh atetan A sen em pe BL seed pe wT 3.62 fra. 81 or: eM Yee (hypothesis ) wit senforea edi ae aera Het mentor gar Fa AACR WF BETS TUT ATTA universal ) 1 el area arr Fay 46.38 Fa, 81 saa ae ae EST fe mater 3 46.38 Hs eA ea ta A 50 Pah. ah ctr By aera aay & ai BH TATE ST ‘WEST aH SiflNTT TIA overestimation ) Farm Bi ge sa frera & Fs eho arora optimist ) 21 are aftr at fawawdtaar adtworrs 81 apr fare ($.D.)3 &, St age art ‘FEI TH STI SH Fel error ofhabituation ) aar KIM A FA error ofexpectation ) 777, Tae wean a afe at 8, ‘HHS sritet FUT ( ascending series ) AMET ( 46 FAA ) arate Seacrest (descending series ) % meq (46.75 FH.th, ) Bam bi Siar, gfe smear (75 fh.) wet eH BI frend ( Conclusions ) we war & see wt frefefied frat ara Ee : Gi) ase aera we gar &, fareat an 3.62 Prot, Gigee yaa we ead aT arora err fre eta 21 Ci) Tatea 3 Tear ar anfeyeaian fever &, fore’ ses orereret GH a eat Free a (iit) sito fra (judgment) 3 sear gfe Efe Be et 75 BSH aT ss BE afta & farraetta (reliable ) AY aH FATT . (in eee (SDS 3 8 face den faa & Fe wea RS (PSE) & afze ont (consistency ) &1