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In 2004, I got my PhD on the subject 'Breeding against hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs'. My conclusion was that it is possible to breed against these traits and that not much has happened though. The reason was that no systematic selection has in practice been made against these defects. Now, 11 years later, I am glad to see that Finnish breeders have managed to achieve genetic as well as phenotypic gain. St Bernards have also increased their lifespan, as their health has been improving. The Finnish Kennel Club started to estimate breeding values (EBVs) for hip and elbow dysplasia in 2002 for 11 breeds, and during the years, new breeds have been included. At the moment somewhat 55-60 breeds have EBVs for hip dysplasia. It is possible to achieve genetic gain if the breeding dogs are systematically chosen from the better half of the population. There is no need to breed only from animals from the very best hips; just those that are better than the breed average. Progress will be slower, but doing it this way helps maintain genetic diversity.
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A presentation at the 4th International Dog Health Workshop by Helena Skarp that provides an overview of the concept of breed including a discussion of 'breed' in relation to selection, conservation, preservation, genetic diversity and health. -
This article provides a list of references to articles published in the Canine Medicine and Genetics Journal. Read more about IPFD's collaborator, Canine Medicine and Genetics which is a peer-reviewed, open access journal addressing genetic, genomic and epidemiological research in both domestic and wild canids, relating to breed and species diversity, and canine evolution. The articles, published from 2014 - 2021, are open access; many have been shared throughout the years on DogWellNet. Primarily the articles/research covers dogs living in the United Kingdom. Canine Medicine and Genetics Journal ISSN: 2662-9380 BMC Breed-Specific Reports and Other References Breed-specific reports Pegram, C., Wonham, K., Brodbelt, D.C. et al. Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the UK: their disorder predispositions and protections. Canine Genet Epidemiol 7, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-00092-w O’Neill, D.G., Rooney, N.J., Brock, C. et al. Greyhounds under general veterinary care in the UK during 2016: demography and common disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 4 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0072-5 O’Neill, D.G., Seah, W.Y., Church, D.B. et al. Rottweilers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0051-7 O’Neill, D.G., Darwent, E.C., Church, D.B. et al. Border Terriers under primary veterinary care in England: demography and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0055-3 O’Neill, D.G., Ballantyne, Z.F., Hendricks, A. et al. West Highland White Terriers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2016: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 7 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0075-2 and O’Neill, D.G., Ballantyne, Z.F., Hendricks, A. et al. Correction to: West Highland White Terriers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2016: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0077-0 O’Neill, D.G., Darwent, E.C., Church, D.B. et al. Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England. Canine Genet Epidemiol 3, 5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z O’Neill, D.G., Jackson, C., Guy, J.H. et al. Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 10 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0023-8 O’Neill, D.G., Baral, L., Church, D.B. et al. Demography and disorders of the French Bulldog population under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 3 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0057-9 O’Neill, D.G., Butcher, C., Church, D.B. et al. Miniature Schnauzers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0069-0 Edmunds, G.L., Smalley, M.J., Beck, S. et al. Dog breeds and body conformations with predisposition to osteosarcoma in the UK: a case-control study. Canine Genet Epidemiol 8, 2 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-021-00100-7 van Rooy, D., Wade, C.M. Association between coat colour and the behaviour of Australian Labrador retrievers. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0078-z McGreevy, P.D., Wilson, B.J., Mansfield, C.S. et al. Labrador retrievers under primary veterinary care in the UK: demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0064-x Wijnrocx, K., François, L., Goos, P. et al. Assessing the relative importance of health and conformation traits in the cavalier king Charles spaniel. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0056-2 Ahonen, S., Seath, I., Rusbridge, C. et al. Nationwide genetic testing towards eliminating Lafora disease from Miniature Wirehaired Dachshunds in the United Kingdom. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 2 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0058-8 Simpson, M., Searfoss, E., Albright, S. et al. Population characteristics of golden retriever lifetime study enrollees. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 14 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0053-5 Wiles, B.M., Llewellyn-Zaidi, A.M., Evans, K. et al. Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0047-3 Oliver, J.A.C., Ekiri, A. & Mellersh, C.S. Prevalence of pectinate ligament dysplasia and associations with age, sex and intraocular pressure in the Basset hound, Flatcoated retriever and Dandie Dinmont terrier. Canine Genet Epidemiol 3, 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0033-1 Packer, R.M.A., Seath, I.J., O’Neill, D.G. et al. DachsLife 2015: an investigation of lifestyle associations with the risk of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 3, 8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0039-8 Ziener, M.L., Dahlgren, S., Thoresen, S.I. et al. Genetics and epidemiology of hypothyroidism and symmetrical onychomadesis in the Gordon setter and the English setter. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 12 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0025-6 Petersen, T., Proschowsky, H.F., Hardon, T. et al. Prevalence and heritability of distichiasis in the English Cocker spaniel. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 11 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0024-7 Pedersen, N.C., Liu, H., Leonard, A. et al. A search for genetic diversity among Italian Greyhounds from Continental Europe and the USA and the effect of inbreeding on susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0030-9 Lewis, T.W., Abhayaratne, B. & Blott, S.C. Trends in genetic diversity for all Kennel Club registered pedigree dog breeds. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0027-4 Mitchell, T.J., Knowler, S.P., van den Berg, H. et al. Syringomyelia: determining risk and protective factors in the conformation of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dog. Canine Genet Epidemiol 1, 9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-6687-1-9 Lewis, T.W., Wiles, B.M., Llewellyn-Zaidi, A.M. et al. Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0066-8 Disease-specific reports O’Neill, D.G., Brodbelt, D.C., Hodge, R. et al. Epidemiology and clinical management of elbow joint disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Genet Epidemiol 7, 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-0080-5 O’Neill, D.G., Meeson, R.L., Sheridan, A. et al. The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Canine Genet Epidemiol 3, 4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0 O’Neill, D.G. Lee, M.M., Brodbelt, D.C. et al. Corneal ulcerative disease in dogs under primary veterinary care in England: epidemiology and clinical management. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0045-5 O’Neill, D.G., Corah, C.H., Church, D.B. et al. Lipoma in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and breed associations. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 9 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0065-9 O’Neill, D.G., Volk, A.V., Soares, T. et al. Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view. Canine Genet Epidemiol 8, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-021-00106-1 Selected canine abstracts from the Companion Animal Genetic Health conference 2018 (CAGH 2018): Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0062-z Urfer, S.R., Kaeberlein, M., Promislow, D.E.L. et al. Lifespan of companion dogs seen in three independent primary care veterinary clinics in the United States. Canine Genet Epidemiol 7, 7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-00086-8 Ricketts, S.L., Marchant, T.W. Meeting report from the Companion Animal Genetic Health conference 2018 (CAGH 2018): a healthy companionship: the genetics of health in dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 5, 6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-018-0061-0 Shoop, S.J., Marlow, S., Church, D.B. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for mast cell tumours in dogs in England. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 1 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-6687-2-1 Farrell, L.L., Schoenebeck, J.J., Wiener, P. et al. The challenges of pedigree dog health: approaches to combating inherited disease. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2, 3 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9 Other Pegram, C.L., Bonnett, B.N., Skarp, H. et al. Moving from information and collaboration to action: report from the 4th international dog health workshop, Windsor in May 2019. Canine Genet Epidemiol 7, 4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-020-00083-x O’Neill, D.G., Keijser, S.F.A., Hedhammar, Å. et al. Moving from information and collaboration to action: report from the 3rd International Dog Health Workshop, Paris in April 2017. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4, 16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-017-0054-4
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The KC (UK) New Registration Stats for 2021 We recently published an article "How many are there? French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs and Pugs in Kennel Club Registries from 10 Countries" comparing registration statistics inlcuding numbers and relative percentages of the newly registered populations, and then popularity ranking. These are simply for kennel club registrations, and the degree to which they reflect country wide numbers of pedigree and look-at-like dogs is unknown. It was interesting to see that in some countries, especially the UK and the USA these controversial breeds continue to maintain or increase in popularity in pedigree populations. It is important to monitor changes in time within- and across countries. We now have some data for 2021 from The KC, unfortunately only for the first 3 quarters. (June 2nd 2022: see a note for the whole year below the chart) Here is the chart comparing to 2020: NOTE: Data for 2021 in the graph include only the first 3 quarters. Numbers of at least French Bulldogs and Bulldogs on are track to be higher than in 2020. The percent of new registrations in each period are relatively similar, perhaps a small decline, e.g. Pugs. These 3 breeds, together, accounted for 22.7% of new registrations in 2020. In the first 3 Qs of 2021, together they were at 21.1% - over 1/5th of all new registrations. The final numbers for French Bulldogs are 54,074 and for Bulldogs 15,403. These stats show the importance of looking not only at total numbers but also the proportion/percentage of registrations. From the KC Rank 2020 Rank 2021 3Q French Bulldog 2 2 Bulldog 4 4 Pug 9 10 https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/media-centre/breed-registration-statistics/
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Here you will find an overview of breed resources on DogWellNet.com. This is not a comprehensive listing - it is a starting point for finding relevant resources. Please visit the various areas of the site using the purple navigation bar and/or the Search function.
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The Relatedness of Breeds - A fun, interactive resource with some cautions ...see references below... The Guardian has come out with an interactive tool for looking a the relatedness between breeds. Based on 'clades' (genetic groupings) research and genomic work by by Heidi Parker and Elaine Ostrander's team, it is an interesting resource. Click on your breed - see what others breeds it is related to. Fun! But there are a couple of cautions that apply: This is great work - but the relatedness has changed to some extent with each new edition of the research, with the advancement of techniques, so this is not written in stone. Using gene patterns to determine relatedness is just that - it does not say that another breed was part of the development of your breed - or whether your breed has been used to develop the other one. They are simply 'related'. Difference in relatedness may be seen depending on how 'old' your breed is. Relationships that have occurred more recently may show up as stronger. This should not be confused with commercial tests that tell you the breed composition of your mixed breed dog. This is different technology and looks primarily at 'pedigree' dogs. To learn more about mixed breed testing see recent blogs: Ask Aimee: Can my dog's ancestry test tell me who its parents are? and HGTD This week: Guess my dog! Are breed/type genetic tests right for you? This is, however, a good reminder that what some people call 'purebred' dogs - what we generally call pedigree dogs (listed in an official registry as a specific breed) are not really 'pure'. Which is likely a good thing! A breed can approach 'pure' only through heavy inbreeding that leads to all sorts of other problems. On the other hand, the work to assign dogs to related clades and to determine relationships among breeds is beneficial in terms of: It is simply interesting and informative. It may provide food for thought when selecting breeds for out-crosses when trying to improve the genetic diversity within a breed. This can go both ways, i.e. it is nice to find already related breeds, but using a breed closely related may not increase the diversity that much. And, as seen in our outtakes - the number of related breeds varies quite a lot. Expanding on comments by Dr. Ostrander... This type of research could have a lot of value to dog breeds (and other species) by having a deeper understanding of the genetic differences between breeds/varieties of dogs. Identifying these genetic differences may be fundamental to furthering research into many aspects of canine health and welfare - from better investigations of complex disease, to improving longevity and genetic diversity. Anyway, check it out! References: Interactive: see how your favourite dog breeds are related to each other in The Guardian. Genomic Analyses Reveal the Influence of Geographic Origin, Migration, and Hybridization on Modern Dog Breed Development authors Heidi G. Parker, Dayna L. Dreger, Elaine A. Ostrander, the National Human Genome Research Institute. 2017.
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Reframing Current Challenges Around Pedigree Dogs A Call for Respectful Dialogue, Collaboration, and Collective Actions For all those who want a sustainable future for healthy pedigree dogs. Author: Brenda N. Bonnett, DVM, PhD, CEO, International Partnership for Dogs (IPFD) Note: This article is available in Nederlands, English, Suomeksi, Français, Deutsch, and Español (download below).
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Improving Canine Genetic Testing
Ann Milligan posted a article in DNA Tests: For Use in Breeding Decisions
Several recent articles have raised concerns about the quality of canine genetic testing. There is concern about the quality measures, standards and practices of genetic test providers (GTPs), but there are also factors related to test discovery, validation and application that may limit our ability to get the most out of genetic testing. Confusion, lack of transparency, absence of needed information on many levels, and incomplete understanding of the situations, individuals and breeds where testing is most useful are among the challenges. This article is in response to numerous queries and discussions on what is needed to improve the situation. -
Once again our IPFD friend and collaborator Ian Seath has come out with a thought provoking but practical article. In BREED HEALTH AT THE START OF A NEW DECADE – WHAT’S YOUR VISION FOR 2030? on the DOG-ED: SOCIAL ENTERPRISE site, Ian does several things: Makes it personal - by sharing what he himself is doing - as a breeder, as chair of the Dachshund Breed Council in the UK, as the leader of the Breed-Specific Health Strategies theme at the IPFD International Dog Health Workshops (IDHW). In the description of his efforts, he provides great information on the process and structure of building health strategies for any breed, and he shows himself and the Dachshund groups in the UK as role models for other breed clubs. And he credits others who are doing good work. He 'walks the walk' (definition: 'to show that something is true by your actions rather than your words'). I know Ian well, and he is not doing this for personal acclaim. He passionately cares about the health and well-being of dogs - all breeds - and he does everything he can to say to all of us - "C'mon... we can do this!!" Ian challenges everyone to look ahead to 2030 and to seriously consider how what they are doing will impact the breed over that period. And he says: "It’s that time of year when New Year Resolutions have either already been forgotten or are well on the way to become good habits." I would encourage everyone to do as he says and to look ahead - not just breed club health committees but individual breeders, judges, veterinarians, researchers, owners... all stakeholders in the dog world. Too often we look to others to take responsibility... too often we give up because we don't see the potential for change (or just think it is too much work). And I would also like to stress the mention of good habits. It isn't just about knowing, it is about doing. Saying one thing and doing another is a very bad habit. I will risk offending you by suggesting some examples, all in the spirit of improving the health, well-being and welfare of dogs over the next 10 years. Health committees, breeders, individuals say: 'We want healthy, long-lived dogs!'. But do their health programs, recommendations and ACTIONS! truly reflect that goal? If the tendency is to select for the physical characteristics that are being rewarded in the show ring... you are not going to just accidentally get health and longevity... in fact, it's more likely you will get the opposite. Every individual breeder's decisions impact the whole breed! In another blog I described an interactive session at the Canadian Kennel Club genetics symposium, where a breeder, after listening to Dr. Kari Ekenstedt and I talk about many issues, including inbreeding, wanted us to specify 'what level of inbreeding was ok?'. In other words, sure, father X daughter was out... but what was okay? I challenged her to consider why she wanted to do inbreeding? Was it because she thought this would improve health and longevity in the breed? Almost undoubtedly it was not - it was to as quickly as possible achieve 'a look'. We all need to think about the big picture. Veterinarians - what are you doing within your practice, one on one to stop the normalization of health issues - genetic and otherwise? Do you make clear to your devoted owners of brachycephalic dogs that snorting and snuffling and bug eyes are not 'cute' or 'funny' but serious concerns? Do you work hard to counteract the rampant obesity problem in pets? No, your clients may not want to hear the messages... but what is your personal responsibility? Pet industry - are you focusing your marketing to profile healthy dogs... or still using challenged but popular breeds? So, at IPFD we continue to promote international efforts on the challenges for dogs; we work to bring together stakeholder groups and organizations that can undertake actions and make decisions that can impact the dog world in beneficial ways. But I urge people to read and hear the messages in Ian's article - at both a group and individual level. As he says, echoing the wide focus of the 4th IDHW in Windsor, "The final element in making progress is engagement with breeders, owners and buyers. They are the primary groups whose behaviour needs to be influenced if the plans are to be implemented. There are others to engage with (e.g. vets, KC, researchers, judges) but taking action on both the supply and demand side of the dog population is essential." I am an impatient person... 10 years is too long to wait for an improvement! But I know how fast it goes. Get going on those good habits for dog health so that when Ian writes another article you can say, with great honesty: 'Yes sir! I am doing my bit!'
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Congratulations to our Partners and Collaborators at Société Centrale Canine (SCC)- The French Kennel Club. Having had the privilege to visit their offices and their amazing library, many times, I am happy today to share links to their wonderful online library of images. (Note: the images here are screen captures... the actual images online of even higher quality.) See La Photothéque Old and new.... dog shows, events, military history, cultural treasures, dog breeds... and more. The catalogs include thousands of images which can be purchased. Just browsing through them will remind you of the diversity of ways in which we interact with dogs... ways in which they enrich our lives. In the face of criticism of purebred dogs a collection like this can serve to educate others and remind us that the world of purebred dogs involves so much more than conformation dog shows. These still images enforce the the link between form and function - especially in categories like "Contest of Use" which includes e.g. water rescue, tracking, utility search, and more. Thank you to the SCC for sharing this wonderful resource! Championnat de France de chiens de sauvetage en mer 2012
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ON THE ORIGINS OF BREED TYPES BY MEANS OF HUMAN ACTION Slides from Peter Friedrich's plenary talk from the 4th IDHW, Windsor, 31 May 2019 Also see: Friedrich, Peter, 2018, Questionable Phenotypic Traits in the Rottweiler - which offers information on valuable breed traits, comments on the "Redesigned Rottweilers with extreme characteristics..." i.e. the impacts of trendiness supported by media and human motivations to possess special, extravagant and innovative dogs." -
Purdue University News - Press release - Your dog might be hiding its true colors From the Press release... " New research from Purdue University’s College of Veterinary Medicine shows that some breeds of dogs have hidden coat colors – and in some cases, other traits – that have been lurking all along. Example: There are around 18 recognized breeds of dogs that have the genetic potential to be born without a tail – such as the popular Australian Shepherd (shown in photo). But the data shows that up to 48 of the breeds analyzed possess the tailless gene variant, usually at a very low frequency." Wisdom Health - Press release - First-of-its-kind study reveals genetic traits determining coat colors and physical appearance in over 200 dog breeds November 2019 From the Press release... "As our study demonstrates, purebred dogs have so much more than meets the eye - literally. The information provided by a WISDOM PANEL dog DNA test can help us better understand the hidden elements of dog genetics," said Dr. Angela Hughes DVM PhD, veterinarian and canine genetics expert at Wisdom Health. "While our study focused primarily on purebred populations, these hidden traits can also have ramifications for mixed breed dogs. When unexpected or hidden traits are passed to mixed breed dogs from their purebred ancestors, it further complicates the already difficult task of visual breed identification making DNA tests the only reliable method of determining breed ancestry." Read the study... True Colors: Commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential Comment: Extracted content of interest to dog breeders & breed managers... See S3 Table. Unfavorable or “fault” phenotypes possible by breed and breed registry. "Breeds genotyped to have alleles that would produce phenotypes considered as a “fault” by either the American Kennel Club (AKC), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), United Kennel Club (UKC), or The Kennel Club of the UK (KC). The level of tolerance within each breed registry is designated as either not allowed (N), not preferred (n.p.), allowed (Y), or ambiguously worded (amb.). A breed not recognized by a given organization is indicated with a dash (-). Inheritance of the fault-causing allele is designated as dominant (D), recessive (R), or compound heterozygote (CH). Breed name abbreviations are as listed in S1 Table. Probabilities for producing the non-standard phenotype were calculated assuming random mating within the breed, and account for multi-gene inheritance, expression, and epistatic effects." https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223995.s005 " Much recent emphasis has been placed on the importance of genetic diversity within breeds [69–76]. With the conservation of diversity in mind, breeders and breed organizations must weigh the relative value of breed standard conformity with preservation of genetic diversity. The existence of unfavorable, though arguably benign pigmentation or morphological variations, has here been quantified and can be addressed by applied genetic screening to reduce the carrier frequency of breeding stock, or by reassessing breed standards to broaden the acceptance of preexisting variation. Likewise, though our analyses have indicated that production of disallowed phenotypes is generally quite low, the occurrence of an undesirable pigmentation trait should not necessarily exclude a dog from purebred status if that variant has been detected in the appropriate population. As a recent example, effective 1 January 2019, the Great Dane Club of America revised their breed standard to allow merle coloring on a black base. Canine genetic research has clarified that the presence of the merle allele is required for the Harlequin phenotype [14]; since this relationship was previously unclear, the breed had not allowed merle (without the Harlequin modifier) until this change. These revisions demonstrate the purebred dog community recognizing and willingly implementing the findings from canine genetic research. The present work will guide similar decision-making by breed clubs regarding definition of acceptable breed colors. "
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Jerold S Bell DVM ([email protected]) Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University presented this article at the 2019 AKC Canine Health Foundation National Parent Club Canine Health Conference. The article has been reprinted here with the written permission of the author.
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Research - Long-term impact of DNA tests on dog diseases
Aimee Llewellyn-Zaidi posted a blog entry in New Research
2019 Lewis TW, Mellersh CS. Changes in mutation frequency of eight Mendelian inherited disorders in eight pedigree dog populations following introduction of a commercial DNA test. Plos One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209864 DNA Testing - General Subject: DNA Testing Type: Research Journal/Source: peer-reviewed research publication Authors/Researchers: University, Kennel Club (IPFD Partners); HGTD Participants Recommended For: Veterinarians, Owners/Breeders This study is one of the very few to investigate the impact of DNA testing on changing a dog population's disease risk. The research looked at determining changes in frequency of disease causing mutations (how common a mutant gene is in a population) as a result of breeding-pair selection based on DNA test results. The results indicated that there has been an overall decline in disease causing mutations in the 8 diseases in 8 breeds investigated. While the paper recognises that there can be variations in how quickly a disease is reduced or eliminated (such as breed population size), it concluded that where dog breeders appear to incorporate DNA test results as part of breeding plans, there is success in decreasing the frequency of mutation. The study looked at: prcd-PRA in Labrador Retriever and Cocker Spaniel, HC in Staffordshire Bull Terriers, EIC in Labrador Retriever, PLL in Mini-Bull Terrier, EF and DE/CC in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, PRA rcd-4 in Gordon, and Irish Setter, and spinocerebellar ataxia in Parson Russell Terrier. Within the UK at least, this represents a spectrum of large and small breeds, and generally "known" diseases within the breeds. 2019 Lewis TW, Mellersh CS. Changes in mutation frequency of eight Mendelian inherited disorders in eight pedigree dog populations following introduction of a commercial DNA test. Plos One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209864 See also: Nearly 20 Years of DNA Testing – What Can We Learn? : IPFD CEO's blog post with discussion of wider implications of the study's approach and findings; based on Ian Seath's commentary (Dog-ED: Social Enterprise) with a breeder/health council perspective on the article above. IPFD Harmonization of Genetic Testing (HGTD) and search on the mentioned diseases for more information on the the condition, phenes, tests and more. -
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This overview offers discussion on definitions of "Breed"... excerpts... Pros and cons of the definitions we use today. Is it possible to have closed studbooks forever? Genetic diversity – why is that important? Benefits/risks/need to include the expanding population of ‘consumer-defined’ crosses in discussions and education? Two different scenarios Cross breeding projects Open studbooks -
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A presentation given by Gregoire Leroy at the 4th International Dog Health Workshop that explores the concept of breeds and their management. "Breed is a central concept in dog breeding... " -
The book, Standards, Santé et Génétique chez le Chien / Standards, Health and Genetics in the Dog was created by the Société Centrale Canine (SCC) in collaboration with the Fédération Cynophile Internationale (F.C.I.) and the Swedish Kennel Club (SKK). Under the direction of Claude Guintard and Grégoire Leroy, the publication was presented as a tribute to Mrs. René Sporre-Willes and Mr. Raymond Triquet, longstanding chairs of the F.C.I.'s the Standards Commission, at the Third IPFD Dog Health Workshop held in Paris from April 21 to 23, 2017. Standards, Santé et Génétique chez le Chien / Standards, Health and Genetics in the Dog presents information from the world of dogs which can be applied in service to canine and human health and well-being. This work includes contributions by veterinarians, researchers, and dog-theorists who offer insights into the development of breed standards as well as the incredible advances in molecular genetics. We at DogWellNet are delighted to be able to present the content from this book's 396 pages which includes 20 texts in English and in French distributed in two large chapters. The book's Table of Contents (TOC-Standards, Santé et Génétique chez le Chien-Standards, Health and Genetics in Dogs) is available to DWN guests as well as DWN members. DWN members will have access to all of the book's texts available in DWN's Downloads section. Over the coming year we will feature texts from the book in DWN articles which will be accessible to DWN's members as well as guests. We would like to thank the book's producers and authors for their exceptional knowledge, extraordinary insights and for their willingness to share their expertise with people who are a part of the international dog community.
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Pr. José Luis Payró Dueñas discusses brachycephalic traits at some length, and addresses morphological expressions that impact function. Seeing to health and welfare of dogs is judges' and breeders' responsibility - correct construction and interpretation of breed standards is essential. -
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For a write-up on The Jena Study referenced in Pr. Fischer's section of this book see: https://www.uni-jena.de/en/News/Archiv/Archiv+2011/PM110527_Hundestudie_en.html For further information available on the VDH's website see "Dogs in Motion" : https://www.vdh.de/en/shop/dogs-in-motion/ -
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Pr. Zeev Trainin discusses the domestication of dogs and breed formation/development since the mid-19th century involving Breed Standards and dog shows. "To develop the show type, selection became focused on aesthetics through often excessive inbreeding, with little attention to long-term consequences, resulting occasionally in health impairments and genetic disorders." "To acknowledge a problem is half the way toward solving it. Select against genetic disorders, increasing the breeding stock, and in specific cases using crossing between varieties, constitute options that may lead to the improvement of the situation. With the new tool of advanced molecular genetics, breeders have a golden opportunity to produce healthy, well-shaped dogs capable of functioning for the benefit of dog and man." -
What is a breed, a purebred, a pedigree dog?
Brenda Bonnett posted a article in Definitions and Background
These terms are often confused or used inappropriately. Here we provide some information and links to help clarify the situation. See related content from the 4th IDHW 4th IDHW Theme #1: The Concept of ‘Breed’ The Concept of Breed Theme Presentations DEFINITION OF 'BREED' ACROSS SPECIES AND COUNTRIES: CROSSCUTTING CONCEPTS - Gregoire Leroy The Concept of Breed: Past, present - and future? - Helena Skarp New Expanded Content - February 2021 Crossbreeding and Outcrossing: Two terms, many concepts. Linebreeding vs. Inbreeding – Let’s be perfectly clear.