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Edible Vaccines: Promises and Challenges

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Abstract

Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.

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Abbreviations

US FDA:

United States food and drug administration

IgA:

Immunoglobulin A

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

RNA:

Ribonucleic Acid

Ti plasmid:

Tumour-inducing plasmid

E coli:

Escherichia coli

HBsAG:

Hepatitis B surface antigen

CT-B:

Cholera Toxin B

HIV:

Human immuno virus

MSP:

Macrophage stress protein

UreB:

Urease subunit beta- Helicobacter

LAV:

Live-attenuated vaccine

WHO:

World Health Organisation

MALT:

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

SIgA:

Secretory immunoglobulin A

FAE:

Follicular-associated enterocytes

APC:

Antigen submucosal cells

TMV:

Tobacco mosaic virus

PVX:

Powder virus

AIMV:

Alfalfa mosaic virus

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

VLP:

Virus-like-particle

HBsAG:

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen

SARS:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

BEVS:

Baculovirus expression vector system

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

FMDV:

Foot-and-mouth-ailment infection

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

MSP:

Merozoite surface protein

CTB:

Cholera toxin B

GMP:

Good manufacturing practice

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India

    Vrinda M Kurup & Jaya Thomas

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  1. Vrinda M Kurup
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  2. Jaya Thomas
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Kurup, V.M., Thomas, J. Edible Vaccines: Promises and Challenges. Mol Biotechnol 62, 79–90 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-019-00222-1

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