Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) - A public functional genomics data repository

⚠️ Development Warning ⚠️

This project is currently in active development and is not yet production-ready.

• The MCP stdio server is functional but may have bugs or incomplete features
• API endpoints and functionality may change without notice
• Use at your own risk and report any issues you encounter

We recommend testing thoroughly in a development environment before using in production.

A Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for accessing GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) data through NCBI E-Utils API. The tool will enable you to search for GEO datasets, series, samples, platforms, and profiles for your LLM. Tested with Claude Desktop, chatGPT has no out of the box support for this tool yet. Claude will automatically use the tools if it fits the context.

install from pip

pip install geo-mcp

install from source

# Clone the repo (if not already)
git clone https://github.com/MCPmed/GEOmcp
cd GEO_MCP
pip install -e .

Run init to create a config file

geo-mcp --init

This will create a config file at ~/.geo-mcp/config.json (auto-created on first run if missing). This file will contain the following:

{
    "base_url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils",
    "email": "[email protected]",
    "api_key": "YOUR_API_KEY"
}

It will also print out a configuration template for your claude desktop configuration file.

• email is required by NCBI.
• api_key is optional but recommended for higher rate limits (get one here).

• MCP stdio mode:

  geo-mcp

• HTTP mode:

  geo-mcp --http --port 8001

This error means Claude Desktop cannot find the geo-mcp command. This is usually a PATH issue.

1. Find the full path to the executable:

   which geo-mcp

   Example output: /Users/youruser/miniforge3/bin/geo-mcp

2. Update your Claude config: Instead of just "geo-bio-mcp", use the full path:

   {
     "mcpServers": {
       "geo-mcp": {
         "command": "/Users/youruser/miniforge3/bin/geo-mcp",
         "env": {
           "CONFIG_PATH": "/Users/youruser/.geo-mcp/config.json"
         }
       }
     }
   }

3. (Optional) Use a Conda Environment:

   • Activate your conda env and run which geo-mcp to get the correct path.
   • Use that path in your Claude config as above.

4. Restart Claude Desktop after updating the config.

• If you see command not found: geo-mcp, make sure you installed with the correct Python/conda environment and that its bin directory is in your PATH.
• If the config file is missing, it will be auto-created on first run, or you can copy the template from geo_mcp_server/config_template.json.

For use with MCP clients like Claude Desktop:

cd geo_mcp_server
python main.py --mode stdio

For HTTP API access:

# Option 1: Using the main script
cd geo_mcp_server
python main.py --mode http --host localhost --port 8000

# Option 2: Using the convenience script
python run_server.py

Once the HTTP server is running on localhost:8000, you can access:

• Root: GET / - Server status
• Health Check: GET /health - Health check endpoint
• List Tools: GET /tools - List all available tools
• Call Tool: POST /tools/call - Execute a tool with arguments
• API Documentation: GET /docs - Interactive API documentation (Swagger UI)

# List available tools
curl http://localhost:8000/tools

# Search GEO Profiles
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/tools/call \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "name": "search_geo_profiles",
    "arguments": {
      "term": "cancer",
      "retmax": 5
    }
  }'

# Search GEO Datasets
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/tools/call \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "name": "search_geo_datasets", 
    "arguments": {
      "term": "breast cancer",
      "retmax": 10
    }
  }'

This MCP server provides access to all major GEO databases through the following tools:

• search_geo_profiles - Search gene expression profiles across different biological contexts

  • Example searches: "cancer", "breast cancer", "p53", "apoptosis"

• search_geo_datasets - Search curated gene expression datasets

  • Example searches: "diabetes", "Alzheimer's disease", "drug response", "tissue specific"

• search_geo_series - Search original submitter-supplied gene expression series

  • Example searches: "GSE12345", "microarray", "RNA-seq", "time course"

• search_geo_samples - Search individual gene expression samples

  • Example searches: "GSM123456", "human", "mouse", "tumor", "normal"

• search_geo_platforms - Search microarray platform definitions

  • Example searches: "Affymetrix", "Illumina", "Agilent", "GPL96"

Each tool accepts:

• term (required): Search term or query string
• retmax (optional, default: 20): Maximum number of results to return

For now just chat with claude desktop and it will use the tools automatically if it fits the context.

User: find a small brain dataset

Assistant: I'll help you find a small brain dataset from the GEO database. Let me search for brain-related datasets with a maximum of one result.

Assistant (system): search_geo_datasets

Assistant: I found a brain-related dataset for you:

• Dataset: GSE290848
• Title: Maternal Stress Triggers Early-Life Eczema via Fetal Mast Cell Reprogramming [10x Genomics Multiome ATAC + Gene Expression]
• Species: Mouse (Mus musculus)
• Samples: 8
• Data type: ATAC-seq & gene expression (10x Genomics Multiome)
• Publication date: 21 Jun 2025

This small dataset explores how prenatal stress affects neuro-immune circuits and mast-cell development.

Would you like me to download this dataset or search for others?

User: download GSE290848

Assistant: I'll download the GSE290848 dataset for you.

Assistant (system): download_geo_data

Assistant: Download complete.

Downloaded files

• GSE290848_family.soft.gz — series, platform & sample info
• GSE290848_metadata.xml — detailed study metadata

Location: /Users/matthiasflo/Documents/2025/GEO_MCP/geo_mcp_server/downloads/gse/GSE290848
Total size: 0.01 MB

The dataset is ready for analysis. Let me know if you’d like to explore it further.