The galois library is a Python 3 package that extends NumPy arrays to operate over finite fields.

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The user creates a FieldArray subclass using GF = galois.GF(p**m). GF is a subclass of np.ndarray and its constructor x = GF(array_like) mimics the signature of np.array(). The FieldArray x is operated on like any other NumPy array except all arithmetic is performed in $\mathrm{GF}(p^m)$, not $\mathbb{R}$.

Internally, the finite field arithmetic is implemented by replacing NumPy ufuncs. The new ufuncs are written in pure Python and just-in-time compiled with Numba. The ufuncs can be configured to use either lookup tables (for speed) or explicit calculation (for memory savings).

Warning The algorithms implemented in the NumPy ufuncs are not constant-time, but were instead designed for performance. As such, the library could be vulnerable to a side-channel timing attack. This library is not intended for production security, but instead for research & development, reverse engineering, cryptanalysis, experimentation, and general education.

• Supports all Galois fields $\mathrm{GF}(p^m)$, even arbitrarily large fields!
• Faster than native NumPy! GF(x) * GF(y) is faster than (x * y) % p for $\mathrm{GF}(p)$.
• Seamless integration with NumPy -- normal NumPy functions work on FieldArrays.
• Linear algebra over finite fields using normal np.linalg functions.
• Linear transforms over finite fields, such as the FFT with np.fft.fft() and the NTT with ntt().
• Functions to generate irreducible, primitive, and Conway polynomials.
• Univariate polynomials over finite fields with Poly.
• Forward error correction codes with BCH and ReedSolomon.
• Fibonacci and Galois linear-feedback shift registers over any finite field with FLFSR and GLFSR.
• Various number theoretic functions.
• Integer factorization and accompanying algorithms.
• Prime number generation and primality testing.

• Elliptic curves over finite fields
• Galois ring arrays
• GPU support

The documentation for galois is located at https://mhostetter.github.io/galois/latest/.

The Getting Started guide is intended to assist the user with installing the library, creating two example arrays, and performing basic array arithmetic. See Basic Usage for more detailed discussions and examples.

The latest version of galois can be installed from PyPI using pip.

$ python3 -m pip install galois

Import the galois package in Python.

In [1]: import galois

In [2]: galois.__version__
Out[2]: '0.4.6'

Next, create a FieldArray subclass for the specific finite field you'd like to work in. This is created using the galois.GF() class factory. In this example, we are working in $\mathrm{GF}(3^5)$.

In [3]: GF = galois.GF(3**5)

In [4]: print(GF.properties)
Galois Field:
  name: GF(3^5)
  characteristic: 3
  degree: 5
  order: 243
  irreducible_poly: x^5 + 2x + 1
  is_primitive_poly: True
  primitive_element: x

The FieldArray subclass GF is a subclass of np.ndarray that performs all arithmetic in the Galois field $\mathrm{GF}(3^5)$, not in $\mathbb{R}$.

In [5]: issubclass(GF, galois.FieldArray)
Out[5]: True

In [6]: issubclass(GF, np.ndarray)
Out[6]: True

See Array Classes for more details.

Next, create a new FieldArray x by passing an ArrayLike object to GF's constructor.

In [7]: x = GF([236, 87, 38, 112]); x
Out[7]: GF([236,  87,  38, 112], order=3^5)

The array x is an instance of FieldArray and also an instance of np.ndarray.

In [8]: isinstance(x, galois.FieldArray)
Out[8]: True

In [9]: isinstance(x, np.ndarray)
Out[9]: True

Create a second FieldArray y by converting an existing NumPy array (without copying it) by invoking .view(). When finished working in the finite field, view it back as a NumPy array with .view(np.ndarray).

# y represents an array created elsewhere in the code
In [10]: y = np.array([109, 17, 108, 224]); y
Out[10]: array([109,  17, 108, 224])

In [11]: y = y.view(GF); y
Out[11]: GF([109,  17, 108, 224], order=3^5)

See Array Creation for more details.

The representation of finite field elements can be set to either the integer ("int"), polynomial ("poly"), or power ("power") representation. The default representation is the integer representation since integers are natural when working with integer NumPy arrays.

Set the element representation by passing the repr keyword argument to galois.GF() or by calling the repr() classmethod. Choose whichever element representation is most convenient.

# The default is the integer representation
In [12]: x
Out[12]: GF([236,  87,  38, 112], order=3^5)

In [13]: GF.repr("poly"); x
Out[13]:
GF([2α^4 + 2α^3 + 2α^2 + 2,               α^4 + 2α,
             α^3 + α^2 + 2,      α^4 + α^3 + α + 1], order=3^5)

In [14]: GF.repr("power"); x
Out[14]: GF([α^204,  α^16, α^230,  α^34], order=3^5)

# Reset to the integer representation
In [15]: GF.repr("int");

See Element Representation for more details.

Once you have two Galois field arrays, nearly any arithmetic operation can be performed using normal NumPy arithmetic. The traditional NumPy broadcasting rules apply.

Standard element-wise array arithmetic -- addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division -- are easily preformed.

In [16]: x + y
Out[16]: GF([ 18,  95, 146,   0], order=3^5)

In [17]: x - y
Out[17]: GF([127, 100, 173, 224], order=3^5)

In [18]: x * y
Out[18]: GF([ 21, 241, 179,  82], order=3^5)

In [19]: x / y
Out[19]: GF([ 67,  47, 192,   2], order=3^5)

More complicated arithmetic, like square root and logarithm base $\alpha$, are also supported.

In [20]: np.sqrt(x)
Out[20]: GF([ 51, 135,  40,  16], order=3^5)

In [21]: np.log(x)
Out[21]: array([204,  16, 230,  34])

See Array Arithmetic for more details.

The galois library is an extension of, and completely dependent on, NumPy. It also heavily relies on Numba and the LLVM just-in-time compiler for optimizing performance of the finite field arithmetic.

Frank Luebeck's compilation of Conway polynomials and Wolfram's compilation of primitive polynomials are used for efficient polynomial lookup, when possible.

The Cunningham Book's tables of prime factorizations, $b^n \pm 1$ for $b \in {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12}$, are used to generate factorization lookup tables. These lookup tables speed-up the creation of large finite fields by avoiding the need to factor large integers.

Sage is used extensively for generating test vectors for finite field arithmetic and polynomial arithmetic. SymPy is used to generate some test vectors. Octave is used to generate test vectors for forward error correction codes.

This library would not be possible without all of the other libraries mentioned. Thank you to all their developers!

If this library was useful to you in your research, please cite us. Following the GitHub citation standards, here is the recommended citation.

@software{Hostetter_Galois_2020,
    title = {{Galois: A performant NumPy extension for Galois fields}},
    author = {Hostetter, Matt},
    month = {11},
    year = {2020},
    url = {https://github.com/mhostetter/galois},
}

Hostetter, M. (2020). Galois: A performant NumPy extension for Galois fields [Computer software]. https://github.com/mhostetter/galois