Support null-conditional operator when the return value is a pointer type (including function pointers) #80694

Copilot · 2025-10-14T10:04:04Z

Summary

This PR adds support for the null-conditional operator (?.) when the return value is a pointer type (including function pointers), fixing the issue where code like byte* ptr = x?.Ptr; or delegate*<int, void> fptr = x?.FPtr; was incorrectly rejected with error CS8978. Also validates that conditional assignment (x?.Ptr = value) works correctly with pointers.

Changes Made

1. Modified Binder_Expressions.cs:

Removed the check that was rejecting function pointers
Changed IsPointerType() to IsPointerOrFunctionPointer() for consistent handling
Updated comments to clarify that both regular pointers and function pointers are allowed
Added detailed comment explaining that pointers are not value types in the language sense, but are treated as value types due to historical compiler implementation
Added condition to skip Nullable<T> wrapping for both pointer types since they can already represent null

2. Added 12 comprehensive tests in NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs:

PointerReturnType_Simple: Basic functionality test with byte*
PointerReturnType_WithUsage: Runtime behavior verification with IL verification showing correct code generation for both null and non-null cases
PointerReturnType_IntPointer: Tests with int* including semantic model type verification
PointerReturnType_VoidPointer: Tests with void*
PointerReturnType_Chained: Chained access scenarios
PointerReturnType_StatementContext: Statement context usage
FunctionPointerReturnType_Allowed: Basic function pointer test
FunctionPointerReturnType_WithReturn: Function pointer with return type
FunctionPointerReturnType_MultipleParameters: Function pointer with multiple parameters
FunctionPointerReturnType_Execution: Execution test for function pointers demonstrating both null and non-null behavior
PointerConditionalAssignment: Tests conditional assignment (a?.Ptr = value) with pointers, validates assignment only occurs when receiver is not null, includes IL verification
FunctionPointerConditionalAssignment: Tests conditional assignment with function pointers, validates assignment behavior, includes IL verification
All tests have [WorkItem("https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/7502")] attributes

Technical Details

Pointers (including function pointers) can represent null as the zero value (0), so no Nullable<T> wrapping needed
When the receiver is null, the expression returns a null pointer (0)
Conditional assignment (x?.y = z) works correctly with pointers and function pointers - assignment only occurs when receiver is not null
All existing tests pass (207+ conditional access tests)
LDM confirmed this is treated as a compiler bug fix per LDM Notes for December 17th, 2025 csharplang#9894
csharplang spec bug: Retroactive compiler bugfix allowing null conditionals to evaluate to pointer types csharpstandard#1513

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…havior Co-authored-by: CyrusNajmabadi <[email protected]>

- Modified Binder_Expressions.cs to allow pointer types in null-conditional expressions - Changed check from IsPointerOrFunctionPointer() to IsFunctionPointer() to allow regular pointers - Added condition to skip Nullable<T> wrapping for pointer types - Pointers can represent null as the zero value, so no need for Nullable<T> - Function pointers are still correctly rejected - Added comprehensive tests covering various pointer scenarios - All existing tests continue to pass Co-authored-by: CyrusNajmabadi <[email protected]>

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-14T10:45:23Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs

            }

-            // The resulting type must be either a reference type T or Nullable<T>
+            // The resulting type must be either a reference type T, Nullable<T>, or a pointer type.


@dotnet/roslyn-compiler i think this is correct. The spec says this: https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/standard-v6/standard/expressions.md#1177-null-conditional-member-access

A null_conditional_member_access expression E is of the form P?.A. Let T be the type of the expression P.A. The meaning of E is determined as follows: Otherwise the type of E is T, and the meaning of E is the same as the meaning of: - ((object)P == null) ? null : P.A - Except that P is evaluated only once.

So my reading from teh spec is that this should be legal. #Resolved

https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/draft-v8/standard/expressions.md#1288-null-conditional-member-access has revised the wording somewhat but I think Cyrus's interpretation still holds.

The latest docs show this:

Let T be the type of the expression P.A. ... Otherwise the type of E is T, and the meaning of E is the same as the meaning of: ((object)P == null) ? (T)null : P.A Except that P is evaluated only once.

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-14T15:16:10Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

                graph, symbol);
        }
+
+        [Fact]


@copilot these should have WorkItem attributes on them. The WorkItem should only have one argument. The url to the issue this is a test for. #Closed

Added WorkItem attributes to all 7 test methods with the issue URL. (commit: work in progress)

Added WorkItem attribute with issue URL to all 7 test methods as requested in code review. Co-authored-by: CyrusNajmabadi <[email protected]>

…ithub.com/dotnet/roslyn into copilot/support-null-conditional-operator

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-14T15:33:12Z

@dotnet/roslyn-compiler ptal.

RikkiGibson · 2025-10-14T18:17:11Z

I think I agree with Cyrus's interpretation of the spec.

I was suspicious that this scenario went from disallowed by spec to allowed by spec when the spec was rewritten in csharpstandard. I went and looked, and my interpretation is the same with both the old and new spec language.

See the old spec for ?.:

If T0 is a non-nullable value type, then the type of E is T0?, and the meaning of E is the same as
((object)P == null) ? (T0?)null : E1
except that P is evaluated only once.
Otherwise the type of E is T0, and the meaning of E is the same as
((object)P == null) ? null : E1

It looks like past interpretations were that pointers are non-nullable value types. On that reasoning, it's invalid for a conditional-access's value to be of a pointer type, because int*? isn't valid.

However, both the old and new specs say that pointers are not value types:

Pointer types are a separate category of types. Unlike reference types and value types, pointer types do not inherit from object and no conversions exist between pointer types and object.

I think the motivation for actually making the change is low. I don't think it's clear that the spec authors had pointers in mind when the ?. feature was being drafted. But, if there isn't a strong pushback from the rest of the team, I don't have a problem with moving forward with this, as a bug-fix level change for a niche scenario.

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-16T21:18:24Z

@dotnet/roslyn-compiler ptal

AlekseyTs · 2025-10-19T02:00:37Z

I am not sure about interpretation given above for the following quote:

Pointer types are a separate category of types. Unlike reference types and value types, pointer types do not inherit from object and no conversions exist between pointer types and object.

I suspect the intent was actually to say that pointers are "special" value types (value types because instances aren't heap allocated and aren't GC tracked). Compiler treats them as value types with restrictions outlined above.

        public override bool IsReferenceType
        {
            get
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        public override bool IsValueType
        {
            get
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

Since we are not attempting to change that, and changing that is likely to have some unintended consequences. I think the specific behavior change for null-conditional operator should go through the regular language change process: proposal, LDM approval, etc.

AlekseyTs · 2025-10-19T02:02:44Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Portable/Binder/Binder_Expressions.cs

            // - access cannot be a restricted type
-            if ((!accessType.IsReferenceType && !accessType.IsValueType) || accessType.IsPointerOrFunctionPointer() || accessType.IsRestrictedType())
+            // Note: Regular pointers are allowed because they can represent null (as the zero value).
+            if ((!accessType.IsReferenceType && !accessType.IsValueType) || accessType.IsFunctionPointer() || accessType.IsRestrictedType())


accessType.IsFunctionPointer()

And why function pointers are treated differently? They are pointers as well. #Resolved

I am unfamiliar with function pointers. If they are the same here and the transformation is equally legal, I am fine allowing. I'll let those with experience with them weigh in here.

333fred · 2025-10-19T04:24:41Z

Highly agreed with Aleksey. Neither bullet in the spec is a valid transformation for a pointer type. You can't have int*?, and you can't have (object)pointerValue. This is a real language change, not a bug fix.

RikkiGibson · 2025-10-19T04:58:47Z

The suggested change doesn't involve permitting the receiver type of the conditional access to be a pointer, only the result type. In that scenario, the transformation indicated by the spec appears valid to me. .NET Lab.

class C
{
    public int* ptr;
}

C? c = null;

var ptr1 = c?.ptr;
// if you assume pointers are "not value types", then the spec defines the 'ptr1' case as equivalent to the following:
var ptr2 = (object)c == null ? null : c.ptr;

As far as whether pointers are value types in the "language sense". I defer to the rest of the team's judgment on that. I agree that if it is felt strongly enough that this change should be made, then it should go through LDM process. Thanks

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-19T07:42:44Z

Highly agreed with Aleksey. Neither bullet in the spec is a valid transformation for a pointer type. You can't have int*?, and you can't have (object)pointerValue. This is a real language change, not a bug fix.

I'm a bit confused. I'm not proposing a language change here. I'm saying I think this falls out from the parts of the spec I linked to.

Looking at the original report, the user has:

var x = new A (); 
byte* ptr = x?.Ptr;

I don't see where int*? comes into things, or where there is a cast of a pointer to an object.

Instead, I'm saying that the spec says that the above is interpreted as

byte* ptr = ((object) x == null) ? null : x.Ptr

Here there is no casting of the pointer. Nor are Nullable value types involved.

CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-10-19T07:50:10Z

Highly agreed with Aleksey. Neither bullet in the spec is a valid transformation for a pointer type. You can't have int*?, and you can't have (object)pointerValue. This is a real language change, not a bug fix.

I'm confused by this. The spec has three bullets here.

Type parameter (does not apply)
Non Nullable value type (does not apply)
Otherwise....

I'm saying that since neither the first nor second bullets apply, this falls into the third. And the transformation suggested by the third is legal.

A pointer is neither a type parameter nor a non Nullable value type. And the second bullet point is clearly talking about what we normally think of as a value type, and would then get wrapped with T?, which definitely doesn't apply here.

Afaict, the first two bullet points are for the cases where something interesting has to happen. The last bullet covers everything else. I don't think it is correct for either to be interpreted as applying to pointers. Nor do I think that was the intent of the spec. Clearly the initial bullets are about handling the case where null is not allowed or special. Everything else gets normal handling since null is fine there.

https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/standard-v6/standard/expressions.md#1177-null-conditional-member-access

Copilot · 2025-12-18T22:01:07Z

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CyrusNajmabadi · 2025-12-18T22:25:54Z

@333fred @dotnet/roslyn-compiler ptal

jcouv · 2025-12-19T04:29:21Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

+                    }
+                }
+                """;
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(source, options: TestOptions.UnsafeDebugExe, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: "null null");


Consider also executing a scenario where the result of ?. is not null

Consider also verifying IL for one of the tests

@copilot Please add a test where the result of ?. is not null. Also, please add IL verification for the tests.

Added test with non-null result in PointerReturnType_WithUsage (now tests dereferencing the pointer and outputting value 42) and added IL verification showing the correct lowering. Also added FunctionPointerReturnType_Execution test that executes and tests both null and non-null cases. (commit d84e4de -> pending)

Why remove the case where A holds null?

updated to test 3 different states. a is non-null and points at something non-null. a is non-null and points at null. and a is null.

jcouv · 2025-12-19T04:36:47Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

+                    static void M(Test t)
+                    {
+                        int* p = t?.Value;
+                        var v = t?.Value;


Could verify type of var or t?.Value in semantic model #Closed

@copilot Please validate the type of 'var' using the semantic model.

Added semantic model type verification to PointerReturnType_IntPointer test. It verifies that the type of the conditional access expression is correctly reported as System.Int32*. (commit 7f3fbef)

jcouv · 2025-12-19T04:38:06Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

+                """;
+            var comp = CreateCompilation(source, options: TestOptions.UnsafeDebugDll);
+            comp.VerifyEmitDiagnostics();
+        }


Could be in this PR or separate: let's test ternaries, ??, ??= and conditional assignment (x?.y = z) with pointers to confirm where things are at #Closed

Did some testing and it looks like only ?. (current PR) and ?? and ??= don't work.

Here's the relevant section of the spec for ??: https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/draft-v8/standard/expressions.md#1217-the-null-coalescing-operator
And the spec for ??=: https://github.com/dotnet/csharplang/blob/main/proposals/csharp-8.0/null-coalescing-assignment.md

I'll keep ?? for another PR. but i will check the conditional assignment in this one.

@copilot can you add tests (for both pointers and function pointers) that involve assignment. THe tests should validate that this compiles without error. We should also execute the test both in the case where 'x' is null and not-null and validate that the assignment didn't/did happen in those respective cases.

IL should also be verified in these tests.

Did some testing and it looks like only ?. (current PR) and ?? and ??= don't work. Not sure what the spec says

The spec is explicit. ?. should work. ?? is an entirely different feature and should not. The spec is explicit on that. I will find it for you.

If A exists and is not a nullable value type or a reference type, a compile-time error occurs.

https://github.com/dotnet/csharpstandard/blob/standard-v6/standard/expressions.md#1114-the-null-coalescing-operator

This is referring to a ?? b where a has type A. In this case, A exists, and is not a nullable value type or reference type. so it's an immediate error.

Pointers are not nullable value types. Nor are they reference types.

@copilot can you add tests (for both pointers and function pointers) that involve assignment. THe tests should validate that this compiles without error. We should also execute the test both in the case where 'x' is null and not-null and validate that the assignment didn't/did happen in those respective cases.

IL should also be verified in these tests.

Specifically, this is testing the a?.b = c case, where the null conditional access is on the left side of an assignment. This is legal in the latest versions of C#, and we want to make sure that this executes properly both when 'a' is null or not null.

Added PointerConditionalAssignment and FunctionPointerConditionalAssignment tests. Both tests verify that assignment happens when receiver is not null and doesn't happen when receiver is null. Tests include IL verification showing correct lowering. Both tests execute and produce expected output ("20 null" and "21 null" respectively). (commit 7f3fbef -> pending)

jcouv · 2025-12-19T04:39:24Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

+        }
+
+        [Fact, WorkItem("https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn/issues/7502")]
+        public void FunctionPointerReturnType_Allowed()


Let's have one of the function pointer tests that executes as well #Closed

@copilot please either add a function pointer test that will actually execute. Or have one of the tests you added actually execute to validate end behavior.

Added FunctionPointerReturnType_Execution test that executes a function pointer obtained through null-conditional access. It tests both the case where the receiver is non-null (invokes the function pointer and outputs 42) and where it's null (outputs "null"). (commit 7f3fbef)

…l-conditional-operator

jcouv

Done with review pass (commit 11). Some test suggestions to consider

- Updated PointerReturnType_WithUsage to test non-null result and added IL verification - Added semantic model type verification to PointerReturnType_IntPointer test - Added FunctionPointerReturnType_Execution test that executes and tests both null and non-null cases - All tests now provide more comprehensive coverage per review feedback Co-authored-by: CyrusNajmabadi <[email protected]>

Copilot · 2025-12-19T05:08:37Z

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- Added PointerConditionalAssignment test with IL verification - Added FunctionPointerConditionalAssignment test with IL verification - Both tests verify assignment behavior when receiver is null vs non-null - Tests validate that assignment only happens when receiver is not null - All tests pass with expected output Co-authored-by: CyrusNajmabadi <[email protected]>

Copilot · 2025-12-19T05:18:27Z

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jcouv · 2025-12-19T05:21:02Z

src/Compilers/CSharp/Test/Semantic/Semantics/NullConditionalAssignmentTests.cs

+                """;
+            var verifier = CompileAndVerify(source, options: TestOptions.UnsafeDebugExe, verify: Verification.Skipped, expectedOutput: "42 null");
+            verifier.VerifyDiagnostics();
+            verifier.VerifyIL("Test.Main", """


We only need to verify the IL for one of the cases. This is redundant and harder to review

Initial plan

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Copilot AI changed the title ~~[WIP] Support null-conditional operator for pointer types~~ Support null-conditional operator when the return value is a pointer type Oct 14, 2025

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Support null-conditional operator when the return value is a pointer type (including function pointers) #80694

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Support null-conditional operator when the return value is a pointer type (including function pointers) #80694

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