v4.1.12

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Commits:

• 0b109c3 docs(ecosystem): add bupkis to the ecosystem section (#​5237)
• d22ec0d docs(ecosystem): add upfetch (#​5238)
• c56a4f6 docs(ecosystem): add eslint-plugin-zod-x (#​5261)
• a0abcc0 docs(metadata.mdx): fix a mistake in an example output (#​5248)
• 62bf4e4 fix(ZodError): prevent flatten() from crashing on 'toString' key (#​5266)
• 02a5840 refac(errors): Unify code structure and improve types (#​5278)
• 4b1922a docs(content/v4/index): fix zod version (#​5289)
• 3fcb20f Add frrm to ecosystem (#​5292)
• fda4c7c Make docs work without token
• af44738 Fix lint
• 77c3c9f Export bg.ts
• 3b94610 v4.1.12

v4.1.11

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Commits:

• 2bed4b3 4.1.11

v4.1.10

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Commits:

• 7ffedd0 Fix shape caching (#​5263)
• 82cd717 v4.1.10

v4.1.9

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Commits:

• a78716d Update zshy (#​5249)
• 923af80 Publish zod@​4.1.9

v4.1.8

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Commits:

• 36c4ee3 Switch back to weakmap
• a1726d5 4.1.8

v4.1.7

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Commits:

• 0cca351 Fix variable name inconsistency in coercion documentation (#​5188)
• aa78c27 Add copy/edit buttons
• 76452d4 Update button txt
• 937f73c Fix tsconfig issue in bench
• 976b436 v4.1.6 (#​5222)
• 4309c61 Fix cidrv6 validation - cidrv6 should reject invalid strings with multiple slashes (#​5196)
• ef95a73 feat(locales): Add Lithuanian (lt) locale (#​5210)
• 3803f3f docs: update wrong contents in codeblocks in api.mdx (#​5209)
• 8a47d5c docs: update coerce example in api.mdx (#​5207)
• e87db13 feat(locales): Add Georgian (ka) locale (#​5203)
• c54b123 docs: adds @traversable/zod and @traversable/zod-test to v4 ecosystem (#​5194)
• c27a294 Fix two tiny grammatical errors in the docs. (#​5193)
• 23a2d66 docs: fix broken links in async refinements and transforms references (#​5190)
• 845a230 fix(locales): Add type name translations to Spanish locale (#​5187)
• 27f13d6 Improve regex precision and eliminate duplicates in regexes.ts (#​5181)
• a8a52b3 fix(v4): fix Khmer and Ukrainian locales (#​5177)
• 887e37c Update slugs
• e1f1948 fix(v4): ensure array defaults are shallow-cloned (#​5173)
• 9f65038 docs(ecosystem): add DRZL; fix Prisma Zod Generator placement (#​5215)
• aa6f0f0 More fixes (#​5223)
• aab3356 4.1.7

v4.1.6

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v4.1.5

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Commits:

• 530415f Update docs
• b7b081d Update z.function() type to support array input (#​5170)
• 780cf57 4.1.5

v4.1.4

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Commits:

• 3291c61 fix(v4): toJSONSchema - wrong tuple with null output when targeting openapi-3.0 (#​5156)
• 23f41c7 test(v4): toJSONSchema - use validateOpenAPI30Schema in all relevant scenarios (#​5163)
• 0a09fd2 Update installation instructions
• 4ea5fec 4.1.4

v4.1.3

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Commits:

• 98ff675 Drop stringToBoolean
• a410616 Fix typo
• 0cf4589 fix(v4): toJSONSchema - add missing oneOf inside items in tuple conversion (#​5146)
• 8bf0c16 fix(v4): toJSONSchema tuple path handling for draft-7 with metadata IDs (#​5152)
• 5c5fa90 fix(v4): toJSONSchema - wrong record output when targeting openapi-3.0 (#​5141)
• 87b97cc docs(codecs): update example to use payloadSchema (#​5150)
• 309f358 fix(v4): toJSONSchema - output numbers with exclusive range correctly when targeting openapi-3.0 (#​5139)
• 1e71ca9 docs: fix refine fn to encode works properly (#​5148)
• a85ec3c fix(docs): correct example to use LooseDog instead of Dog (#​5136)
• 3e98274 4.1.3

v4.1.2

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Commits:

• e45e61b Improve codec docs
• 25a4c37 fix(v4): toJSONSchema - wrong record tuple output when targeting openapi-3.0 (#​5145)
• 0fa4f46 Use method form in codecs.mdx
• 940383d Update JSON codec and docs
• 3009fa8 4.1.2

v4.1.1

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Commits:

• 648eb43 Remove codecs from sidebare
• 7e39a99 Improve codec docs
• e5085be Add images
• 028b289 Add methods
• 10cc994 4.1.1

v4.1.0

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The first minor version since the introduction of Zod 4 back in May. This version contains a number of features that barely missed the cut for the 4.0 release. With Zod 4 stable and widely adopted, there's more time to resume feature development.

Codecs

This is the flagship feature of this release. Codecs are a new API & schema type that encapsulates a bi-directional transformation. It's a huge missing piece in Zod that's finally filled, and it unlocks some totally new ways to use Zod.

const stringToDate = z.codec(
  z.iso.datetime(),  // input schema: ISO date string
  z.date(),          // output schema: Date object
  {
    decode: (isoString) => new Date(isoString), 
    encode: (date) => date.toISOString(),
  }
);

New top-level functions are added for processing inputs in the forward direction ("decoding") and backward direction ("encoding").

stringToDate.decode("2025-08-21T20:59:45.500Z")
// => Date

stringToDate.encode(new Date())
// => "2025-08-21T20:59:45.500Z"

Note — For bundle size reasons, these new methods have not added to Zod Mini schemas. Instead, this functionality is available via equivalent top-level functions.

// equivalent at runtime
z.decode(stringToDate, "2024-01-15T10:30:00.000Z");
z.encode(stringToDate, new Date());

.parse() vs .decode()

Both .parse() and decode() process data in the "forward" direction. They behave identically at runtime.

stringToDate.parse("2025-08-21T20:59:45.500Z");
stringToDate.decode("2025-08-21T20:59:45.500Z");

There is an important difference however. While .parse() accepts any input, .decode() expects a strongly typed input. That is, it expects an input of type string, whereas .parse() accepts unknown.

stringToDate.parse(Symbol('not-a-string'));
// => fails at runtime, but no TypeScript error

stringToDate.decode(Symbol("not-a-string"));
//                     ^ ❌ Argument of type 'symbol' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Date'. ts(2345)

This is a highly requested feature unto itself:

• #​3860
• #​1748
• #​3978
• #​1892

Encoding

You can use any Zod schema with .encode(). The vast majority of Zod schemas are non-transforming (the input and output types are identical) so .decode() and .encode() behave identically. Only certain schema types change their behavior:

• Codecs — runs from B->A and executes the encode transform during encoding
• Pipes — these execute B->A instead of A->B
• Defaults and prefaults — Only applied in the forward direction
• Catch — Only applied in the forward direction

Note — To avoid increasing bundle size unnecessarily, these new methods are not available on Zod Mini schemas. For those schemas, equivalent top-level functions are provided.

The usual async and safe variants exist as well:

// decode methods
stringToDate.decode("2024-01-15T10:30:00.000Z")
await stringToDate.decodeAsync("2024-01-15T10:30:00.000Z")
stringToDate.safeDecode("2024-01-15T10:30:00.000Z")
await stringToDate.safeDecodeAsync("2024-01-15T10:30:00.000Z")

// encode methods
stringToDate.encode(new Date())
await stringToDate.encodeAsync(new Date())
stringToDate.safeEncode(new Date())
await stringToDate.safeEncodeAsync(new Date())

Example codecs

Below are some "worked examples" for some commonly-needed codecs. These examples are all tested internally for correctness. Just copy/paste them into your project as needed. There is a more comprehensive set available at zod.dev/codecs.

stringToBigInt

Converts bigint into a serializable form.

const stringToBigInt = z.codec(z.string(), z.bigint(), {
  decode: (str) => BigInt(str),
  encode: (bigint) => bigint.toString(),
});

stringToBigInt.decode("12345");  // => 12345n
stringToBigInt.encode(12345n);   // => "12345"

json

Parses/stringifies JSON data.

const jsonCodec = z.codec(z.string(), z.json(), {
  decode: (jsonString, ctx) => {
    try {
      return JSON.parse(jsonString);
    } catch (err: any) {
      ctx.issues.push({
        code: "invalid_format",
        format: "json_string",
        input: jsonString,
        message: err.message,
      });
      return z.NEVER;
    }
  },
  encode: (value) => JSON.stringify(value),
});

To further validate the data, .pipe() the result of this codec into another schema.

const Params = z.object({ name: z.string(), age: z.number() });
const JsonToParams = jsonCodec.pipe(Params);

JsonToParams.decode('{"name":"Alice","age":30}');  // => { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
JsonToParams.encode({ name: "Bob", age: 25 });     // => '{"name":"Bob","age":25}'

Further reading

For more examples and a technical breakdown of how encoding works, reads theannouncement blog post and new Codecs docs page. The docs page contains implementations for several other commonly-needed codecs:

• stringToNumber
• stringToInt
• stringToBigInt
• numberToBigInt
• isoDatetimeToDate
• epochSecondsToDate
• epochMillisToDate
• jsonCodec
• utf8ToBytes
• bytesToUtf8
• base64ToBytes
• base64urlToBytes
• hexToBytes
• stringToURL
• stringToHttpURL
• uriComponent
• stringToBoolean

.safeExtend()

The existing way to add additional fields to an object is to use .extend().

const A = z.object({ a: z.string() })
const B = A.extend({ b: z.string() })

Unfortunately this is a bit of a misnomer, as it allows you to overwrite existing fields. This means the result of .extend() may not literally extend the original type (in the TypeScript sense).

const A = z.object({ a: z.string() }) // { a: string }
const B = A.extend({ a: z.number() }) // { a: number }

To enforce true extends logic, Zod 4.1 introduces a new .safeExtend() method. This statically enforces that the newly added properties conform to the existing ones.

z.object({ a: z.string() }).safeExtend({ a: z.number().min(5) }); // ✅
z.object({ a: z.string() }).safeExtend({ a: z.any() }); // ✅
z.object({ a: z.string() }).safeExtend({ a: z.number() });
//                                       ^  ❌ ZodNumber is not assignable 

Importantly, this new API allows you to safely extend objects containing refinements.

const AB = z.object({ a: z.string(), b: z.string() }).refine(val => val.a === val.b);
const ABC = AB.safeExtend({ c: z.string() });
// ABC includes the refinements defined on AB

Previously (in Zod 4.x) any refinements attached to the base schema were dropped in the extended result. This was too unexpected. It now throws an error. (Zod 3 did not support extension of refined objects either.)

z.hash()

A new top-level string format for validating hashes produced using various common algorithms & encodings.

const md5Schema = z.hash("md5");          
// => ZodCustomStringFormat<"md5_hex">

const sha256Base64 = z.hash("sha256", { enc: "base64" }); 
// => ZodCustomStringFormat<"sha256_base64">

The following hash algorithms and encodings are supported. Each cell provides information about the expected number of characters/padding.

z.hex()

To validate hexadecimal strings of any length.

const hexSchema = z.hex();

hexSchema.parse("123abc");    // ✅ "123abc"
hexSchema.parse("DEADBEEF");  // ✅ "DEADBEEF" 
hexSchema.parse("xyz");       // ❌ ZodError

Additional changes

1. z.uuid() now supports the "Max UUID" (FFFFFFFF-FFFF-FFFF-FFFF-FFFFFFFFFFFF) per the RFC
2. $ZodFunction is now a subtype of $ZodType

Commits

• edd4fea - Closes #​5127
• 5d4a315 - Closes #​5116
• f3f0955 - Closes #​5108
• 0114d5b - #​5122
• 3b077c3 - #​5121
• 1e06af8 - #​5113
• b01b6f3 — #​5052
• 571ab0c — #​5051
• d3ea111 — #​5049
• b8e3f87 — #​4865

v4.0.17

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Commits:

• 1cebf33 Add blog (#​5074)
• fc1e556 Fixes #​5073
• cc63f95 v4.0.17

v4.0.16

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Commits:

• d589186 fix: ensure keyof returns enum (#​5045)
• 4975f3a feat: add discriminator generic (#​5044)
• 0a463e3 Update speakeasy files
• 12658af Fix Edit page buttons
• 47e6604 fix: edit this page button, now redirects to correct url using the new path (#​5056)
• 7207a2d Update Hey API link to Zod v3 plugin (#​5060)
• 6887ff3 Update Hey API link to Zod plugin (#​5059)
• ffff1aa Clone POJO objects during defaulting/prefaulting
• a227cb3 v4.0.16

v4.0.15

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Commits:

• 7e7e346 Clean up docs
• f2949a8 [docs] Fix migration guide upgrade command (#​5021)
• d43cf19 Fix recursive object initialization errors with check() and other methods (#​5018)
• 3de2b63 fix: remove redundant Required<> from input and output type definitions (#​5033)
• 93553bd Add needs info
• 03cfa8d 4.0.15