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Biomarkers of Autophagy

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Autophagy: Biology and Diseases

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1208))

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Abstract

Biomarkers (short for biological markers) are biological measures of a biological state. Autophagy biomarkers play an important role as an indicator of autophagy during normal physiological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to drugs. In this chapter, some biomarkers of different types of autophagy, including macroautophagy, selective autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and microautophagy, as well as the lysosomal biomarkers are introduced. The described biomarkers may be used to detect the level of autophagy in cells or tissues in a dynamic, real-time, and quantitative manner. However, each biomarker has its specific significance and limitation. Therefore, the analysis of the autophagy level in cells or tissues through the detection of autophagy biomarkers should be carried out carefully.

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Abbreviations

3-MA:

3-Methyladenine

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

AMPK:

5′ AMP-activated protein kinase

Atg:

Autophagy-related gene

BNIP3:

Bcl-2 and adenovirus E1B 19-KDa interacting protein 3

CMA:

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

CNS:

Central nervous system

DFCP1:

Double FYVE-containing protein 1

DRAM1:

Damage-regulated autophagy modulator 1

GABARAP:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GTP:

guanosine triphosphate

MFN1:

Mitofusion 1

MFN2:

Mitofusion 2

mTOR:

mammalian target of rapamycin

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamines

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

PtdIns:

Phosphatidylinositol

TGN:

Trans-Golgi network

VPS:

Vacuolar protein sorting

ZFYVE1:

Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

    Fang Lin, Yu-Ting Zhu & Zheng-Hong Qin

Authors
  1. Fang Lin
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  2. Yu-Ting Zhu
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  3. Zheng-Hong Qin
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Correspondence to Zheng-Hong Qin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Zhiping Xie

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Lin, F., Zhu, YT., Qin, ZH. (2021). Biomarkers of Autophagy. In: Xie, Z. (eds) Autophagy: Biology and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1208. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_12

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