py/objint,py/binary: Add int.to_bytes(signed) parameter, add common overflow checks. #16311

projectgus · 2024-11-27T06:56:56Z

Summary

This PR is attempting to bring some CircuitPython changes upstream to MicroPython. From these PRs:

The changes:

Implement overflow checks for buffer conversions, in a similar but more general way to py/objint: Fix int.to_bytes() buffer size checks. #13087.
Add optional int.to_bytes(signed=bool) parameter. This removes the CPython incompatibility where currently int.to_bytes in MicroPython behaves as if signed=self < 0 when converting.

After cherry-picking commits directly from CircuitPython and resolving conflicts, some additional commits were added:

Update existing MicroPython tests to pass. Most tests are now simpler, as behaviour now closer to CPython.
Restore optional passing of arguments for byteorder and length, as per py/objint: Make byteorder argument optional in byte-conversion methods. #14387 and CPython >=3.11.
Do not raise OverflowError from array constructors if a value is out of range, truncate the value instead. This is a documented difference between CPython and MicroPython, and after discussing with @dpgeorge decided changing it here has the potential to break existing MP code. The overflow checks are kept if MICROPY_PREVIEW_VERSION_2 is set, so that we can change behaviour to match CPython (and CircuitPython) in MicroPython 2. The original justification for not checking here was to save code size, but the firmware code size will actually become smaller after making this change (due to a common code path for overflow checks in array constructors and int.to_bytes). I guess Python code size may become a littler bigger if masking needs to be added, but it also eliminates a potential silent bug.
Additional refactoring commit to merge similar code paths and bring the code size back down closer to current master.
Add support for V2 non-truncating setters to moductypes.
Double the allowed stack size on the Windows port. This seems necessary to allow debug builds to pass the new unit tests in this PR.
Remove C function mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int - after the above refactors this was no longer used except in stm32/adc.c and a coverage test. Removing it reduces the stm32 port code size substantially.

Testing

Unit tests passing on unix and rp2 ports.
Unit tests passing on Zephyr port (uses long long implementation for bigint).

Trade-offs and Alternatives

We already have some of this bounds checking functionality in master now, but the approach taken by CircuitPython is more general and has potential to apply the same checks in multiple places (i.e. array constructors) with no further impact on code size.

codecov · 2024-11-27T07:02:39Z

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 98.35%. Comparing base (e993f53) to head (aef2a49).
Report is 20 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master   #16311      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   98.41%   98.35%   -0.06%     
==========================================
  Files         171      171              
  Lines       22210    22197      -13     
==========================================
- Hits        21857    21831      -26     
- Misses        353      366      +13

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github-actions · 2024-11-27T07:09:45Z

Code size report:

   bare-arm:  +120 +0.212% 
minimal x86:  +320 +0.171% [incl +32(data)]
   unix x64:   +96 +0.011% standard
      stm32:   -76 -0.019% PYBV10
     mimxrt:   -96 -0.026% TEENSY40
        rp2:   -16 -0.002% RPI_PICO_W
       samd:   -60 -0.022% ADAFRUIT_ITSYBITSY_M4_EXPRESS
  qemu rv32:  -172 -0.038% VIRT_RV32

ports/unix/coverage.c

According to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

projectgus · 2025-02-26T06:31:02Z

Only two things left here...

Project coverage has somehow gone down even though the patch coverage is 100%. I've added some additional cove in coverage.c but it's still not quite enough.
The Windows x64 Debug builds are failing in the uctypes_load_store test with RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded. I don't know if this is an actual stack usage problem, a bug triggered when a unittest assert fails, or something else...

projectgus · 2025-02-26T06:32:56Z

The Windows x64 Debug builds are failing in the uctypes_load_store test with RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded

Ah OK, there's a whole section about stack usage in the windows port README so I'm guessing we're just running out of stack.

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

projectgus · 2025-03-04T05:10:57Z

      stm32:  +156 +0.040% PYBV10

Had a quick look into why stm32 got bigger while all the other bare metal ports got smaller. Didn't find anything unusual: no significant new symbols are being linked compared to master. Several functions shrunk as they now call a common helper. I think maybe they just didn't shrink as much as on the other bare metal ports...

Diff of linked symbol sizes

--- ./build-PYBV10-master/firmware.syms 2025-03-04 15:59:56.145991980 +1100
+++ ./build-PYBV10/firmware.syms        2025-03-04 16:00:08.656797386 +1100
@@ -5948,0 +5949 @@
+00000018 t allowed_args.0
@@ -6199 +6200 @@
-00000264 t compile_scope_inline_asm
+00000260 t compile_scope_inline_asm
@@ -6503 +6504 @@
-00000970 t emit_inline_thumb_op
+00000978 t emit_inline_thumb_op
@@ -7326 +7327 @@
-000000d8 t int_to_bytes
+0000005c t int_to_bytes
@@ -7770,3 +7771,3 @@
-0000002a T mp_binary_set_int
-00000114 T mp_binary_set_val
-0000008c T mp_binary_set_val_array
+0000005a T mp_binary_set_int
+000000f2 T mp_binary_set_val
+0000006e T mp_binary_set_val_array
@@ -8329 +8330 @@
-00000042 T mp_obj_exception_attr
+00000040 T mp_obj_exception_attr
@@ -8373 +8374 @@
-00000016 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes_impl
+00000114 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes
@@ -8521 +8522 @@
-0000091c T mp_qstr_const_hashes
+00000922 T mp_qstr_const_hashes
@@ -8523 +8524 @@
-0000048e T mp_qstr_const_lengths
+00000491 T mp_qstr_const_lengths
@@ -8525 +8526 @@
-00001250 T mp_qstr_const_pool
+0000125c T mp_qstr_const_pool
@@ -8891 +8892 @@
-000000d2 T mpz_as_bytes
+0000009e T mpz_as_bytes
@@ -9768 +9769 @@
-00000084 t set_aligned
+00000080 t set_aligned
@@ -10078 +10079 @@
-0000007c t task_attr
+00000078 t task_attr
@@ -10216 +10217 @@
-00000200 t uctypes_struct_attr_op
+00000204 t uctypes_struct_attr_op

(Files generated with nm --print-size firmware.elf | cut -d' ' -f2- | tee firmware.syms)

I don't see much we can do to improve this. Interestingly, the firmware size increase on PYBV10 is about the same if LTO is enabled (although the firmwares are overall smaller.)

dpgeorge · 2025-03-04T05:16:45Z

Had a quick look into why stm32 got bigger while all the other bare metal ports got smaller. Didn't find anything unusual

What about:

-00000016 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes_impl
+00000114 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes

That's 254 extra bytes. Is that similar on other ports that did decrease?

projectgus · 2025-03-04T06:15:08Z

That's 254 extra bytes. Is that similar on other ports that did decrease?

I think so, this is the common function that the others now call. They grow by basically the same amount on both samd and rp2 ports. Here's samd:

@@ -6342 +6338 @@
-00000016 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes_impl
+00000114 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes

Full size diffs

--- build-ADAFRUIT_ITSYBITSY_M4_EXPRESS-master/firmware.syms    2025-03-04 17:06:29.044966391 +1100
+++ build-ADAFRUIT_ITSYBITSY_M4_EXPRESS/firmware.syms   2025-03-04 17:07:24.983870265 +1100
@@ -993 +992,0 @@
-t $d
@@ -4381,3 +4379,0 @@
-t $t
-t $t
-t $t
@@ -4404,0 +4401 @@
+00000018 t allowed_args.0
@@ -4620 +4617 @@
-00000260 t compile_scope_inline_asm
+00000264 t compile_scope_inline_asm
@@ -4822 +4819 @@
-00000968 t emit_inline_thumb_op
+00000970 t emit_inline_thumb_op
@@ -5312 +5309 @@
-000000d8 t int_to_bytes
+0000005c t int_to_bytes
@@ -5758,4 +5755,3 @@
-0000002a T mp_binary_set_int
-0000016c T mp_binary_set_val
-0000008c T mp_binary_set_val_array
-000000f2 T mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int
+0000005a T mp_binary_set_int
+00000150 T mp_binary_set_val
+0000006e T mp_binary_set_val_array
@@ -5777 +5773 @@
-0000008c t mp_builtin_compile
+00000088 t mp_builtin_compile
@@ -6300 +6296 @@
-0000003a T mp_obj_exception_attr
+00000038 T mp_obj_exception_attr
@@ -6342 +6338 @@
-00000016 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes_impl
+00000114 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes
@@ -6477 +6473 @@
-00000542 T mp_qstr_const_hashes
+00000536 T mp_qstr_const_hashes
@@ -6479 +6475 @@
-000002a1 T mp_qstr_const_lengths
+0000029b T mp_qstr_const_lengths
@@ -6481 +6477 @@
-00000a9c T mp_qstr_const_pool
+00000a84 T mp_qstr_const_pool
@@ -6802 +6798 @@
-000000d2 T mpz_as_bytes
+0000009e T mpz_as_bytes
@@ -7172 +7168 @@
-00000084 t set_aligned
+00000080 t set_aligned
@@ -7245 +7241 @@
-00000034 t slice_attr
+00000030 t slice_attr
@@ -7402 +7398 @@
-00000070 t task_attr
+0000007c t task_attr
@@ -7553 +7549 @@
-00000200 t uctypes_struct_attr_op
+00000204 t uctypes_struct_attr_op
@@ -7599 +7595 @@
-00000038 t usb_device_attr
+00000034 t usb_device_attr

--- build-RPI_PICO-master/firmware.syms        2025-03-04 17:01:17.898379768 +1100
+++ build-RPI_PICO/firmware.syms 2025-03-04 17:01:28.760234428 +1100
@@ -31,4 +30,0 @@
-t $d
-t $d
-t $d
-t $d
@@ -244 +239,0 @@
-t $d
@@ -630,0 +626,2 @@
+t $d
+r $d
@@ -1202,0 +1200 @@
+t $d
@@ -1536,0 +1535 @@
+t $d
@@ -5462,3 +5460,0 @@
-t $t
-t $t
-t $t
@@ -5503,0 +5500 @@
+00000018 r allowed_args.0
@@ -5826 +5823 @@
-00000278 t compile_scope_inline_asm
+00000274 t compile_scope_inline_asm
@@ -6144 +6141 @@
-00000498 t emit_inline_thumb_op
+00000494 t emit_inline_thumb_op
@@ -6781 +6778 @@
-000000d4 t int_to_bytes
+00000060 t int_to_bytes
@@ -6786 +6783 @@
-00000044 t iobase_ioctl
+00000040 t iobase_ioctl
@@ -7352,4 +7349,3 @@
-0000002a T mp_binary_set_int
-00000154 T mp_binary_set_val
-00000084 T mp_binary_set_val_array
-00000084 T mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int
+00000056 T mp_binary_set_int
+0000012e T mp_binary_set_val
+00000064 T mp_binary_set_val_array
@@ -7370 +7366 @@
-00000064 t mp_builtin_compile
+00000068 t mp_builtin_compile
@@ -7885 +7881 @@
-0000005c T mp_native_type_from_qstr
+00000064 T mp_native_type_from_qstr
@@ -7962 +7958 @@
-00000016 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes_impl
+00000110 T mp_obj_int_to_bytes
@@ -8109 +8105 @@
-000002ee R mp_qstr_const_hashes
+000002f1 R mp_qstr_const_hashes
@@ -8111 +8107 @@
-000002ee R mp_qstr_const_lengths
+000002f1 R mp_qstr_const_lengths
@@ -8113 +8109 @@
-00000bd0 R mp_qstr_const_pool
+00000bdc R mp_qstr_const_pool
@@ -8355 +8351 @@
-00000064 T mp_vfs_blockdev_init
+00000060 T mp_vfs_blockdev_init
@@ -8365 +8361 @@
-00000068 T mp_vfs_getcwd
+0000006c T mp_vfs_getcwd
@@ -8367,2 +8363,2 @@
-00000060 T mp_vfs_ilistdir
-00000070 t mp_vfs_ilistdir_it_iternext
+00000064 T mp_vfs_ilistdir
+00000074 t mp_vfs_ilistdir_it_iternext
@@ -8370 +8366 @@
-0000007c T mp_vfs_import_stat
+0000007a T mp_vfs_import_stat
@@ -8433 +8429 @@
-0000002e T mp_vfs_rename
+00000030 T mp_vfs_rename
@@ -8435 +8431 @@
-00000016 T mp_vfs_rmdir
+00000018 T mp_vfs_rmdir
@@ -8437 +8433 @@
-00000040 T mp_vfs_stat
+0000003c T mp_vfs_stat
@@ -8439 +8435 @@
-00000054 T mp_vfs_statvfs
+00000058 T mp_vfs_statvfs
@@ -8441 +8437 @@
-0000009c T mp_vfs_umount
+000000a0 T mp_vfs_umount
@@ -8450 +8446 @@
-00000140 T mpz_as_bytes
+000000ea T mpz_as_bytes
@@ -9025 +9021 @@
-00000084 t set_aligned
+0000007c t set_aligned
@@ -9102 +9098 @@
-00000038 t slice_attr
+00000034 t slice_attr

Ah! But the very big difference on these ports is that, unlike stm32, the mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int function is no longer linked in this PR! That's about 127 bytes.

That's the function which is still called from stm32/adc.c . So if we can find another way to implement that, the code would go down on stm32 (and we also wouldn't need the changes in #16858).

projectgus · 2025-03-04T06:15:52Z

EDIT: Accidentally buried the useful info in the <details> tag above.

projectgus · 2025-03-04T06:25:49Z

That's the function which is still called from stm32/adc.c . So if we can find another way to implement that, the code would go down on stm32 (and we also wouldn't need the changes in #16858).

Specifically pyb.ADC.read_timed and read_timed_multi are documented as supporting either an array of 8/16-bit integers or a bytearray.

mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int supports any numeric typecode. So I think there's potentially a much simpler version we can embed into adc.c and remove the other function entirely. But probably best to do in a separate PR.

py/binary.c

According to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

Support signed param: result = int.from_bytes(bytearray(), order='big'|'little', signed=False|True) Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

For both small and long integers, raise an exception if calling struct.pack, adding an element to an array.array, or formatting an int with int.to_bytes would overflow the requested size. (Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit 095c844.) Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit d103ac1. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit c592bd6. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Fixes case where destination nbytes is non-power-of-2 size. Also adds tests. Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit 8664a65. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Originally added in 80c5e76 and 0b432b3, then replaced by cherry-pick in 7e4ee62, now restored. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

- CPython and CircuitPython both raise OverflowError if an array constructor passes an out of bounds value. - MicroPython V1.x truncates the integer to suit. - The plan is for MicroPython V2 to change this to be the same as CircuitPython. The bounds checking cherry-picked from CircuitPython in 50bd33b and d352a73 adds these checks to array constructors. Move them behind a macro guard, and also rewrite the tests from CircuitPython to pass on MicroPython V1.x (but should be easy to convert over for MP2 in the future). This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Refactors similar code paths to a common mp_obj_int_to_bytes() function to reduce code size. This commit should have no functional changes. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]> Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Expands tests to match, although I think there may still be some corner cases where this doesn't work as expected on V2. Should be no change on V1. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

This seems like it's only really a problem on Debug builds, but I think can't hurt to increase it on all windows builds. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Validates that the memory representation for arrays matches int.to_bytes() results using native endianness and any padding that the array type has. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

This removes the last usage of mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int(). It will be a little slower, but shouldn't be measurably so compared to the ADC sampling. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

This is a long-standing C function in binary.h, but it's no longer called from inside MicroPython. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

If >1 unittest-enabled module is included, the results of the merged module won't match (as it runs some previously registered tests again). Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

Support signed param: result = int.from_bytes(bytearray(), order='big'|'little', signed=False|True) Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

IhorNehrutsa · 2025-11-05T13:39:08Z

Are there any implementation plans?

projectgus added the py-core Relates to py/ directory in source label Nov 27, 2024

projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch from 77160cc to 0fb050a Compare November 27, 2024 06:59

projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch 3 times, most recently from c84ab58 to 88b516a Compare December 4, 2024 07:27

projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch from 88b516a to 140c2c9 Compare December 11, 2024 05:14

projectgus mentioned this pull request Dec 17, 2024

extmod/uctypes: fix addressof when returning large values #16440

Merged

projectgus mentioned this pull request Feb 24, 2025

WIP py/objint.c: Add signed param to int.from_bytes(). #16798

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projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch 4 times, most recently from 4faf739 to b3b3d4e Compare February 25, 2025 07:14

projectgus commented Feb 25, 2025

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IhorNehrutsa added a commit to IhorNehrutsa/micropython that referenced this pull request Feb 25, 2025

py/objint: Rename signd to is_signed.

6d5e840

According to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

IhorNehrutsa added a commit to IhorNehrutsa/micropython that referenced this pull request Feb 25, 2025

py/objint.c: Use kw args in int.from_bytes().

2f466fd

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

IhorNehrutsa added a commit to IhorNehrutsa/micropython that referenced this pull request Feb 26, 2025

py/objint.c: Use kw args in int.from_bytes().

4977a78

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

projectgus mentioned this pull request Mar 4, 2025

unix/coverage: Increase coverage of mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int. #16858

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projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch from 2c3f941 to 6f3c7e0 Compare March 4, 2025 05:11

projectgus commented Mar 4, 2025

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IhorNehrutsa added a commit to IhorNehrutsa/micropython that referenced this pull request Mar 13, 2025

py/objint: Rename signd to is_signed.

735435a

According to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

IhorNehrutsa added a commit to IhorNehrutsa/micropython that referenced this pull request Mar 13, 2025

py/objint.c: Use kw args in int.from_bytes().

44e5e3c

Add `length`, `byteorder`, `signed` according to the micropython#16311. Signed-off-by: Ihor Nehrutsa <[email protected]>

Matt Wozniski and others added 8 commits July 23, 2025 10:36

py/objint: Handle truth values; speed up smallint checks.

685d2b8

Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit d103ac1. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

py/objint: Implement to_bytes(..., signed=True).

c73ef5b

Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit c592bd6. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

tests: Update for new int.to_bytes() behaviour.

25f4fff

Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

py/objint: Use approx of original @godlygeek code for smallints.

c0129ec

Fixes case where destination nbytes is non-power-of-2 size. Also adds tests. Cherry-picked from CircuitPython commit 8664a65. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

py/objint: Restore CPython >= 3.11 defaults for int.to_bytes().

ef0fb6c

Originally added in 80c5e76 and 0b432b3, then replaced by cherry-pick in 7e4ee62, now restored. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch from 6f3c7e0 to 7691da3 Compare July 23, 2025 01:20

projectgus added 6 commits July 23, 2025 11:27

ci: Allow unittest to be imported when testing mpy merge.

fcd76e3

Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

windows: Double the stack size allowance on windows port.

b980645

This seems like it's only really a problem on Debug builds, but I think can't hurt to increase it on all windows builds. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

tests: Add test coverage for converting array to bytes.

241b10c

Validates that the memory representation for arrays matches int.to_bytes() results using native endianness and any padding that the array type has. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

py/binary: Remove mp_binary_set_val_array_from_int().

2a32925

This is a long-standing C function in binary.h, but it's no longer called from inside MicroPython. This work was funded through GitHub Sponsors. Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

projectgus force-pushed the feature/int_tobytes_signed branch from 7691da3 to 2a32925 Compare July 23, 2025 01:29

dpgeorge added this to the release-1.27.0 milestone Jul 23, 2025

tools/ci: Don't include unittest tests in the merged .mpy.

aef2a49

If >1 unittest-enabled module is included, the results of the merged module won't match (as it runs some previously registered tests again). Signed-off-by: Angus Gratton <[email protected]>

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