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- 3 (xsd:integer)
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- Hittite lute (en)
- Hittite lute colorized (en)
- Woman playing viol (en)
- Rabâb player in Southern Spain, from the Cantigas de Santa Maria. (en)
- two rebabs (en)
- picture of lute player from Utrecht Psalter (en)
- Bandola llanera (en)
- Siddhartha playing the lute, sculpture (en)
- Sasanian plate with celebration, includes lute player (en)
- Iranian rubab image on ceramic plate (en)
- engraving of cave wall art (en)
- Painting of rubab found in Mongolian grave in China (en)
- Harp lute, from West Africa (en)
- Musical bow (en)
- Bordonua (en)
- Viola de cocho (en)
- bandurria (en)
- Huapanguera (en)
- Mexican vihuela (en)
- Viols or vielles from Commentary on the Apocalypse (en)
- Engraving on boundary marker showing long-necked lute and player (en)
- illuminated image from Rylands Beatus showing man playing Cythara lute (en)
- Oud or lute-family instrument at the Capella Palatina (en)
- "Old charango", has shape of mandolin or bandurria (en)
- Drawing from Al-Fārābī of a musical instrument, called ""šāh-rūd"" (en)
- A gittern and a rebec (en)
- Ancient rubab Kushan Empire (en)
- Angel with lute from the Cave of Saint Ignasi (en)
- Bajo sexto (en)
- Bulgarian Gdulka (en)
- Byzantine Lyra circa 900-1100 AD (en)
- Chinese double-chambered lute, Mogao cave 322 (en)
- Chinese lute 385–534 AD (en)
- Columbian tiple (en)
- Drawing of a lute by Safi al-Din, 1333 A.D. (en)
- Egyptian lute player 1422–1411 BC (en)
- Egyptian pierced lute 1390–1295 BC (en)
- Elamite lute players 1400 BC (en)
- England, c. 1310 AD. Angel holding a citole (en)
- Engraving from the oldest pipa (en)
- European lute painting by Bartolomeo Veneto (en)
- woodcut engraving of woman playing 4-course guitar, 16th century (en)
- Girl tuning her Egyptian lute (en)
- Guitarra Latina or citole and Guitarra morisca (en)
- Guitarra panzona (en)
- Guitarrón mexicano (en)
- Kemençe of the Black Sea (en)
- Kudyapi being played (en)
- Kulcapi player Si Datas (en)
- Lute in China, 384–441 AD (en)
- Mantineia pandura (en)
- Musicians on Camel, Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an (en)
- Mérida Spain pandura (en)
- Native Americans playing concheras (en)
- Ormesby Psalter citole (en)
- Painter David Hoyer playing a lute (en)
- Painting of Nicholas Lanier holding a lute, 1613 (en)
- Pipa, Yulin caves 1028–1227 AD (en)
- Roman guitar-type instrument, 3rd century AD (en)
- Sapeh being played (en)
- Sogdian Whirl on photo by Ulrich von Schroeder (en)
- Spanish lute or Laúd (en)
- Syrian lute c. 730 AD (en)
- Tanagra pandura c. 3rd century BC (en)
- Tang dynasty pipa, Yulin cave 25 (en)
- The lute as the Chinese pipa (en)
- Viola caipira (en)
- Woman with a cittern, 1677 (en)
- an Mijtens, A Lady Playing a Lute (en)
- artwork on ceramic plate showing rubab with frets (en)
- boy playing gambus (en)
- dancer with lute dancing Sogdian Whirl (en)
- gambus resembling oud (en)
- guitar player by Johannes Vermeer (en)
- guitarra de golpe (en)
- iola beiroa and cavaquino (en)
- jarana huasteca (en)
- Yueqin moon lute, from the Western Wei dynasty 535–557 (en)
- 'Dame de Qualite en Habit de Chambre' by Henri Bonnart (en)
- Painting of Egyptian musicians playing long-necked lutes, from 1350 BC (en)
- Art from Gandhara in the 1st century AD showing a banquet and lute player (en)
- Pipa, Middle Tang dynasty era , from the Yulin Caves, cave 15 (en)
- Apsara flying with 5-string pipa, Kizil Cave 8, 6th century (en)
- moon lute or qinqin from Mogao caves, cave 220, Tang dynasty 618–907 (en)
- Elamite lute player, late 14th century and early 12th century BC (en)
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- 4 (xsd:integer)
- 5 (xsd:integer)
- 1666 (xsd:integer)
- 2010 (xsd:integer)
- dbr:Jarana_huasteca
- dbr:Guitarrón_mexicano
- dbr:Bajo_sexto
- dbr:Cuatro_(Venezuela)
- dbr:Guitarra_de_golpe
- dbr:Guitarra_panzona
- dbr:Mexican_vihuela
- dbr:Huapanguera
- Juan Oliver's c.1330 painting at Pamplona Cathedral, showing a musician playing a gittern. (en)
- Nicholas Lanier, 1613 (en)
- Iraq. Drawing of a lute by Safi al-Din from a 1333 copy of his book, Kitab al-Adwār. (en)
- Musical bows have survived in some parts of Africa. (en)
- Earliest known depiction of lyra in a Byzantine ivory casket . (en)
- Lute or veena player, northern India, , 1st century A.D. (en)
- "Woman with cittern", canvas painted 1677 by Pieter van Slingelandt . (en)
- Apsara with sitar or yueqin, found at Luoyang; Longmen Caves. Northern Wei period (en)
- Lute or pipa detail from a Tang dynasty painting on silk, 897 AD. (en)
- Rebabs of the same style that Sachs labels rabâb, now called Maghreb rebabs. Wood and skin soundboards. Examples were still being made in Morocco in 1991. (en)
- Ancient Egyptian tomb painting depicting players with long-necked, fretted lutes, 18th Dynasty . (en)
- The Colombian tiple is larger than the Puerto Rican tiple. (en)
- France, Utrecht Psalter, c. 850. During the Carolingian Renaissance an Anglo Saxon artist drew an image of a cythara with frets. (en)
- Three-string rebabs with wooden soundboards. These have also been called gitterns an instrument ancestral to the guitar and according to Sachs the mandore/mandola. (en)
- Mexico. Native Americans playing mandolin and vihuela de conchera in Mexico City. (en)
- "Old charango", has shape of mandolin or bandurria (en)
- "Siddhartha" playing a lute-type instrument. Gandaran art. Date not given for artwork. The era for grey schist art was the 1st–6th centuries AD. (en)
- Roman guitar-type instrument depicted on a Roman sarcophagus dated to the 3rd century AD. (en)
- Illustration from Al-Fārābī : Kitāb al-mūsīqī al kabīr Drawing of a musical instrument, called ""šāh-rūd"") (en)
- England, c. 1310 AD. Angel holding a citole. There are frets drawn over the body of the instrument, where it is unlikely that gut frets could be placed. (en)
- Spain, "second third of 10th century". Violas de arco played with a bow. From Commentary on the Apocalypse, Codice VITR 14.1. (en)
- Cuban musician Barbarito Torres playing a Spanish lute or Laúd. (en)
- Figure on wall whose bow has been thought of as possibly musical. (en)
- Al-Farabi's oud design, with 7 courses . (en)
- Bow harp or harp lute, West Africa (en)
- Brazil. Viola caipira (en)
- Brazil. Viola de cocho (en)
- Bulgarian Gdulka with bow (en)
- By 1570 the German quinterne resembled the European 4-course guitar, including how it was strung. (en)
- Egyptian lute, 18th Dynasty, 1390–1295 BC (en)
- European lute painting by Bartolomeo Veneto, c. 1500. By the early modern era, European lutes were built from strips of wood and a separate neck. (en)
- Kemençe of the Black Sea (en)
- Musician tuning her lute, pulling the string upward from below while the hand at the top secures the tension. Tomb of Rekhmire, 18th Dynasty. (en)
- Lute from the Pawaya, 4th-5th century AD (en)
- Pipa from Yulin caves, cave 10, Western Xia period 1028–1227. (en)
- Moisés Torrealba playing a Bandola llanera. (en)
- Pandura at Mantineia, c. 330–320 BC (en)
- Pandura at Tanagra, Greece, c. 3rd century BC (en)
- Ravy, , Iran, c. 1200 AD rubab with frets. (en)
- Rylands Beatus, c. 1175, cythara. (en)
- Si Datas on kulcapi, Karo Regency, 1914–1919. (en)
- Sicily, c. 1140 AD (en)
- Syrian lute c. 730 AD (en)
- Three 18-string bandolons (en)
- International, including Spain, China, Philippines. Bandurria (en)
- Tabaristan, Iran, from a decorated dish, Sasanian . Marks around edge of lute might indicate a skin top. (en)
- Rebab player. Soundboard is cut in half. Sachs said of another example that this was probably wood and skin. (en)
- Elamite long-necked lute, late 14th century BC to early 12th century BC. There were no pegs to hold strings. Strings were wrapped with cords at the end of the neck. Each tassel indicates a string that is secured. (en)
- Three musicians, Tomb of Nakht, Thebes, 18th Dynasty, 1422–1411 BC. The lute-player's lute has two strings and lines where frets are on modern instruments. (en)
- Engraving from Tang dynasty era pipa, gift from the Chinese emperor to the Japanese emperor. Along with the oldest known pipa, the Japanese court also preserved a version of the Central Asian dances from Kucha into the modern era. (en)
- Turkey. Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC colored to estimate frets. (en)
- Mongolian lute, c. 1297, Tomb of Wang Qing, China. Probable shidurghū or sugudu. Possibly version of sanxian. (en)
- Two Portuguese instruments: the viola beiroa from Beira Baixa Province and the cavaquino or machete or viola braguesa from Braga. (en)
- Cover of 1552 music book by Guillaume de Morlaye. Four-course guitar. (en)
- Tang dynasty art. Musicians on a camel, including one playing the lute. A similar artwork shows a group of bearded foreign musicians together on camelback. Tang dynasty Excavated from a Tang dynasty tomb, Zhongbu village, western suburb of Xi'an City. Kept at Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an (en)
- C. 12th century BC, Kassite kudurru showing long-necked lute. Tassels visible. Discovered in Susa, where it was carried as a war trophy. (en)
- David Hoyer, an artist from Leipzig, painted by Jan Kupetzky, c. 1711. (en)
- Iranian style rubab from the 13th century AD, found in Rayy . (en)
- France, 1683. Quality Lady in Dressing Gown by Henri Bonnart (en)
- Chinese double-chambered lute, Mogao Cave 322, Early Tang dynasty Possible lutes include the huobosi and a calabash-back huluqin 葫蘆琴. (en)
- Xishan, Nanjing, tomb of the Eastern Jin dynasty, second half of the 5th century. Artwork: "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Rong Qiqi", shows Rong Qiqi and Ruan Xian . (en)
- Lute from Al-Andalus copied manuscript, History of Bayâd and Riyâd. Copy from 13th century AD. Vatican Apostolic Library (en)
- England, East Anglia. Angel playing citole in an illustration from the "Ormesby Psalter" (en)
- Hellenistic banquet scene from the 1st century AD, Hadda, Gandhara. Lute player with short-necked lute, far right. (en)
- Italian engraving from before 1510. Depicts the poet Giovanni Filoteo Achillini playing the viola da mano or vihuela de mano. (en)
- Photo from the Cantigas de Santa Maria, Castile/Spain, c. 1300–1340. The left instrument has been called both Guitarra latina and citole. The other instrument has been called guitarra morisca. (en)
- Dutch Republic, c. 1672. The guitar player by Johannes Vermeer (en)
- Elamite long-necked lute and short-necked lute from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC found at Susa. (en)
- Roman pandura, 2nd century AD, found at Mérida, Spain (en)
- Early depiction of pear-shaped lute or pipa in China from Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5, at end of Sixteen Kingdoms and beginning of Northern Wei dynasty eras (en)
- Lumad musicians playing kudyapi and tube zither during the 2016 Kaamulan Festival of Bukidnon. (en)
- Buddhist painting from the Mogao Caves, 762–827 AD. A dancer spins while the orchestra plays. Three kinds of lutes are present: large pipa with dancer, smaller pipa on far right side lower. Above that is a long-necked sanxian or possibly tanbur-relation. Dancer with lifted leg, a posture that may have been the Sogdian Whirl; it has been recreated in China today, called Pipa dance 反弹琵琶 . (en)
- Indian long-necked lute, Bengal, Shunga period, 2nd century B.C. (en)
- Sapeh being played at Rudolstadt-Festival 2019. The musicians come from different islands of the Pacifik and Indian Ocean. (en)
- Puerto Rico. Bordonua, has a large, deep body bass guitar (en)
- A lute resembling a yueqin moon lute, from the Western Wei dynasty 535–557, 285th Cave of Mogao Caves. Lutes like this have some resemblance to Southeast Asian moon lutes such as the chapey and the đàn nguyệt. Appears to have frets. (en)
- China. Pipa with frets, Middle Tang dynasty era , from the Yulin Caves, cave 15 (en)
- Dancer in the Sogian Whirl posture, lute held behind his head, 8th-century AD wine jug from Tadzhikistan, "in Sogdian style with Sasanian influence", at the Jokhang temple, Tibet, PRC. (en)
- Music in Golkonda, 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of rubab known in India today as the seni rabab. A similar bowed version still exists today, the Kamaica. (en)
- Japanese painting from 1573–1615 of a European woman with a viol. Her viol has four courses of strings. Later viols would be commonly strung with 6 single strings and played with a bow. (en)
- Kushan lute, 1st to 3rd century AD. Found in Yusufzai district near Peshawar, Pakistan. In related instruments, the round section is a skin soundboard. (en)
- Theorbo-lute hybrid. From the 1648 painting A Lady Playing a Lute by Jan Mijtens. (en)
- Indian short-necked lute 2nd-1st century B.C., Shunga period, Chandraketugarh. The original sculpture appears to have 3 strings. (en)
- Boy playing a gambus, a local name for the quanbus-like instrument. (en)
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- 430.0 (dbd:second)
- 9.46728E10 (dbd:second)
- The viola da mano was the Italian version of the vihuela de mano. The two instruments were equivalent, but with different bodies. The viol had "C-shape cuts with pointed corners" while the vihuela had a "figure-of-eight body shape". (en)
- From Central Asia, the short-necked lute went east to China and west to Europe and Africa by way of Persia and Arabia. The area of origin borders on North India as well, and short-necked lutes can be seen in artwork that are a mixture of Hellenistic and Indian or Kushite art forms, from as early as the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. (en)
- The bandurria and laúd are members of a family, resembling a type of cittern. They have become international instruments, played in Spain and in former colonies of the Spanish Empire, including Cuba and the Philippines. The bandurria is an older instrument, its roots going back to the Mandore, which birthed both mandolin and bandurria. The laúd was developed about 1880. (en)
- oud found in Syria, has two features common to Tang dynasty pipa, the extra tip at the end of the peghead and the shape of the soundhole. Oud-family instruments painted in the Cappella Palatina in Sicily, 12th century. Roger II of Sicily employed Muslim musicians in his court, and paintings show them playing a mixture of lute-like instruments, strung with 3, 4 and five courses of strings. 13th-century AD image of an oud, from a 13th-century copy of Bayâd and Riyâd, a larger instrument than those in images at the Cappella Palatina. (en)
- Relief sculpture offers clues to frets, but may be difficult to see. In this image, frets on the body may not be frets, but loops where the stick goes in and out of the skin soundboard. Holes above and below the stick are sound holes. (en)
- Surviving related instruments include the medieval Iranian rubab, the rubab of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, the Indian sarod, sursingar and kamaica, the Nepali tungana, the Bangladeshi, Bengali and Assamese dotara, the Tibetan and Bhutanese dramyen or zhamunian, the Pamiri rubab, the Uyghur rawap.
In China the huobosi , also called the hubo , and the sugudu , both with 4 strings are still played by the Naxi people. Historical variants known from writing include the shidurghū or sanxian , qūpūz-e rumī , qūpūz-e ozan , and rūdkhānī."
The family of instruments blended Persian and Indian cultures, and has been played by Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims and Zoastrians. The instruments share a common name, because the vowel sounds are not always indicated in Arabic script. Plucked and bowed versions have shared the name. (en)
- Portraits of Early modern or Renaissance people, posing with lutes. (en)
- The moon lutes have become widespread. Versions of them can be found throughout China as the ruan family and also as the yueqin family. Moon lutes have spread south of the border where, in Southeast Asia, they have their own versions. The Southern China version of the yueqin, which may be related to the Southeast Asian moon lutes, has a longer neck than the northern version. The long-necked yueqin is being revived in Taiwan. (en)
- Central Asian traders bridged Byzantium and the Middle East with China and India, with their caravan's of traders. The Sogdians were especially famous as traders. Because of them, the Chinese Emperor could drink wine from Roman glasses with his wife and do the "Sogdian Whirl". In 384 AD, the Chinese conquered Kucha, which was famous for its music and dance. It is in the area of the Kizil Caves, whose paintings make it clear that a variety of lutes were being invented and played in the region. The Kuchean dances were popular in the Chinese court, and are still preserved today in the Japanese imperial court, where a trader with lute can be seen on the 5-string-pipa from Central Asia, a gift of one emperor to another. (en)
- Sachs said these instruments entered Europe through Spain. He felt that they were the likely candidate for the Moorish guitar, "with shrill and harsh notes", and ultimately related to the mandore or mandola. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, c. 1260, captured some of the musical instruments introduced from Muslim dominated Andalusia to Southern Europe. The plucked and bowed versions existed alongside each other. The bowed instruments became the rebec and the plucked instruments became the gittern. Curt Sachs linked this instrument with the mandola, the kopuz and the gambus, and named the bowed version rabâb. When the Muslims were driven out of Spain, Andalusian music and instruments survived in North Africa, in the Maghreb. (en)
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- Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC cropped.png (en)
- European in Japan playing viol.jpg color modified.jpg (en)
- Medieval musician playing gittern.jpg (en)
- Woman playing quintern, Tobias Stimmer.jpg (en)
- Gitterns in the Cantigas de Santa-Maria, Codex of musicians page 104R.jpg (en)
- Egyptian lute players 001.jpg (en)
- Indo-GreekBanquet.JPG (en)
- Maler der Geschichte von Bayâd und Riyâd cropped.jpg (en)
- Kupetzky Lute 1711.jpg (en)
- Nicholas Lanier 1613.jpg (en)
- Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina 2.jpg (en)
- Lute-family instrumentalist at Capella Palatina.jpg (en)
- Rabel.jpg (en)
- Rebabs from the Cantigas de Santa Maria.jpg (en)
- Citole Robert De Lisle Psalter.jpg (en)
- Utrechts-Psalter PSALM-145-PSALM-146 lyre and cythara.jpg (en)
- Pipa player - Yulin Cave 15.jpg (en)
- Safi al-Din lute.png (en)
- Guitar latina morisca.jpg (en)
- Jan Vermeer van Delft 013.jpg (en)
- Rylands Beatus Cythara 3.png (en)
- Violas de arco en un manuscrito del año 900 - 950.jpg (en)
- Barbat or Oud from 7th or 8th Century Iran.jpg (en)
- Gandharan Lute.jpg (en)
- Tiple.jpg (en)
- Illustration of Homme masque en Bison jourant de la flute Wellcome M0004767.jpg (en)
- Man playing Lyre from Yusufzai Gandhara.jpg (en)
- Mongolian lute, circa 1279-1368, Tomb of Wang Qing.jpg (en)
- COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Harp-luit TMnr A-11006.jpg (en)
- MusicalBow.gif (en)
- Mérida pandurium.jpg (en)
- Female figure as Venus, T'ang dynasty.jpg (en)
- National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Bordonua - Puerto Rico - Collected in 2008.jpg (en)
- Egyptian 18th Dynasty - Musicians and a Dancer from the Tomb of Nakht New Kingdom.jpg (en)
- Cover of Le Premier Livre De Chansons, Gaillardes, Pavannes, Bransles, Almandes, Fantaisies by Guillaume de Morlaye .gif (en)
- Recueil des modes de la cour de France, 'Dame de Qualite en Habit de Chambre' LACMA M.2002.57.13.jpg (en)
- Pipa from Yulin caves, cave 10, Western Xia period 1028-1227.jpg (en)
- Moon Lute from Western Wei Dynasty 535-557, 285th Cave of Mogao Caves.jpg (en)
- Muse with Πανδούρα Pandura Pandora Panduris ancient Greece old guitar Athens IV BCE siglo IV AEC.jpg (en)
- Bartolomeo Veneto c 1470-1531 Woman Playing a Lute.jpg (en)
- A boy playing the gambus.jpg (en)
- AcousticBassGtr.jpg (en)
- Al-Farabi.png (en)
- Apsara-mit-Sitar.jpg (en)
- AzCoupleGuitarsDance.JPG (en)
- Barbed rubab , 1660-1670 CE, Golkonda.png (en)
- Byzantine Lyra Museo Nazionale.jpg (en)
- Elamite long-lutes.jpg (en)
- F190B SC UT.jpg (en)
- Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg (en)
- Girl tuning Egyptian lute at Rekhmire.jpg (en)
- Guitarra panzona.png (en)
- Huapanguera.jpg (en)
- Indian lute, Shunga period, 2nd century B.C.jpg (en)
- Jan Mijtens, A Lady Playing a Lute.jpg (en)
- Jarana primera.jpg (en)
- Jose Guadalupe Guzman.jpg (en)
- Kaamulan Festival 2016 - 26167600132 cropped.jpg (en)
- Kemenche0.jpg (en)
- Kizil 16, Asparas.jpg (en)
- Luth player-Sb 7899-IMG 0897-black.jpg (en)
- Manresa, Cova de Sant Ignasi-PM 58556.jpg (en)
- Mogao Cave 322, Double chambered lute.jpg (en)
- Mogao caves, cave 220, Tang Dynasty 618-907.jpg (en)
- Moisés Torrealba.JPG (en)
- MusiciansOnCamelimShaanxi History MuseumgR+M.jpg (en)
- My guitarra de golpe.jpg (en)
- Nubian lute.jpg (en)
- O violeiro, 1899.jpg (en)
- Old Charango.JPG (en)
- Orchestra bandurria.jpg (en)
- Ormesby Psalter Citole.jpg (en)
- Paapareetotores.jpg (en)
- Pandoura 002.jpg (en)
- Pawaya-lintel lute.jpg (en)
- Pipa on Camel.jpg (en)
- Pipa player - Yulin Cave 25.jpg (en)
- Rong Qiqi and Ruan Xian.JPG (en)
- Small Island Big Song 39.jpg (en)
- Sogdian whirl with large pipa.jpg (en)
- Syrian lute 8th century.jpg (en)
- Three Bandolónes.jpg (en)
- Unfinished kudurru h9089.jpg (en)
- Vea.viola.beiroa&bragesa.jpg (en)
- Vihuela Mexicana.jpg (en)
- ViolaDaMano Raimondi c1510.jpg (en)
- Violadecocho.jpg (en)
- Yanju's tomb, lute player.jpg (en)
- Hittite lute from Alacahöyük 1399–1301 BC colored to show frets.jpg (en)
- COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De bekende mandolinespeler Si Datas van Soerbakti Karolanden Noord-Sumatra TMnr 10005387.jpg (en)
- Lute or veena player, India, Mathura, Kushan Period .jpg (en)
- Musician playing gambus Hadhramaut at the Zubir Abdullah's Cinta, Cipta & Citarasa workshop concert in Malaysia- 8 Aug 2010.jpg (en)
- Indian chordophone 2nd-1st century B.C., Chandraketugarh.jpg (en)
- Woman with cittern 1677 by Pieter van Slingeland.jpg (en)
- تصميم العود بسبع أوتار للفارابي.jpg (en)
- Guitar-type instrument depicted on an ancient Roman sarcophagus in marble, British Museum number 1805,0703.132.jpg (en)
- Hombre cantando por dinero en las cercanías del Hotel Humbodlt.jpg (en)
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