dotnet · BillWagner · Mar 22, 2022 · Feb 4, 2022 · Feb 5, 2022 · Feb 5, 2022
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module ToBase64String
+
+// <Snippet2>
+open System
+
+let displayArray (arr: 'a[]) =
+    printfn "The array:"
+    printf "{ "
+    for i = 0 to arr.GetUpperBound(0) - 1 do
+        printf $"{arr[i]}, "
+        if (i + 1) % 10 = 0 then
+            printf "\n  "
+    printfn $"{arr[arr.GetUpperBound 0]} }}\n"
+
+// Define an array of 20 elements and display it.
+let arr = Array.zeroCreate<int> 20
+let mutable value = 1
+for i = 0 to arr.GetUpperBound 0 do
+    arr[i] <- value
+    value <- value * 2 + 1
+displayArray arr
+
+// Convert the array of integers to a byte array.
+let bytes = Array.zeroCreate<byte> (arr.Length * 4)
+for i = 0 to arr.Length - 1 do
+    Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(arr[i]), 0, bytes, i * 4, 4)
+
+// Encode the byte array using Base64 encoding
+let base64 = Convert.ToBase64String bytes
+printfn "The encoded string: "
+printfn $"{base64}\n"
+
+// Convert the string back to a byte array.
+let newBytes = Convert.FromBase64String base64
+
+// Convert the byte array back to an integer array.
+let newArr = Array.zeroCreate<int> (newBytes.Length / 4)
+for i = 0 to newBytes.Length / 4 - 1 do
+    newArr[i] <- BitConverter.ToInt32(newBytes, i * 4)
+
+displayArray newArr
+
+// The example displays the following output:
+// The array:
+// { 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023,
+//   2047, 4095, 8191, 16383, 32767, 65535, 131071, 262143, 524287, 1048575 }
+//
+// The encoded string:
+// AQAAAAMAAAAHAAAADwAAAB8AAAA/AAAAfwAAAP8AAAD/AQAA/wMAAP8HAAD/DwAA/x8AAP8/AAD/fwAA//8AAP//AQD//wMA//8HAP//DwA=
+//
+// The array:
+// { 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023,
+//   2047, 4095, 8191, 16383, 32767, 65535, 131071, 262143, 524287, 1048575 }
+// </Snippet2>
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+module ToBase64String2
+
+// <Snippet1>
+open System
+
+// Define a byte array.
+let bytes = [| 2uy; 4uy; 6uy; 8uy; 10uy; 12uy; 14uy; 16uy; 18uy; 20uy |]
+printfn $"The byte array:\n   {BitConverter.ToString bytes}\n"
+
+// Convert the array to a base 64 string.
+let s = Convert.ToBase64String bytes
+printfn $"The base 64 string:\n   {s}\n"
+
+// Restore the byte array.
+let newBytes = Convert.FromBase64String s
+printfn $"The restored byte array:\n   {BitConverter.ToString newBytes}\n"
+
+// The example displays the following output:
+//     The byte array:
+//        02-04-06-08-0A-0C-0E-10-12-14
+//
+//     The base 64 string:
+//        AgQGCAoMDhASFA==
+//
+//     The restored byte array:
+//        02-04-06-08-0A-0C-0E-10-12-14
+// </Snippet1>
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+module ToBase64String3
+
+// <Snippet3>
+open System
+
+// Define a byte array.
+let bytes = Array.init 100 (fun i -> i + 1 |> byte)
+let originalTotal = Array.sumBy int bytes
+
+// Display summary information about the array.
+printfn "The original byte array:"
+printfn $"   Total elements: {bytes.Length}"
+printfn $"   Length of String Representation: {BitConverter.ToString(bytes).Length}"
+printfn $"   Sum of elements: {originalTotal:N0}\n"
+
+// Convert the array to a base 64 string.
+let s =
+    Convert.ToBase64String(bytes, Base64FormattingOptions.InsertLineBreaks)
+
+printfn $"The base 64 string:\n   {s}\n"
+
+// Restore the byte array.
+let newBytes = Convert.FromBase64String s
+let newTotal = Array.sumBy int newBytes
+
+// Display summary information about the restored array.
+printfn $"   Total elements: {newBytes.Length}"
+printfn $"   Length of String Representation: {BitConverter.ToString(newBytes).Length}"
+printfn $"   Sum of elements: {newTotal:N0}"
+
+// The example displays the following output:
+//   The original byte array:
+//      Total elements: 100
+//      Length of String Representation: 299
+//      Sum of elements: 5,050
+//
+//   The base 64 string:
+//      AQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEBESExQVFhcYGRobHB0eHyAhIiMkJSYnKCkqKywtLi8wMTIzNDU2Nzg5
+//   Ojs8PT4/QEFCQ0RFRkdISUpLTE1OT1BRUlNUVVZXWFlaW1xdXl9gYWJjZA==
+//
+//      Total elements: 100
+//      Length of String Representation: 299
+//      Sum of elements: 5,050
+// </Snippet3>
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="ToBase64String.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="ToBase64String2.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="ToBase64String3.fs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+module ToByte5
+
+// <Snippet15>
+open System
+
+let values = 
+    [| null; ""; "0xC9"; "C9"; "101"; "16.3"; "$12"
+       "$12.01"; "-4"; "1,032"; "255"; "   16  " |]
+
+for value in values do
+    try
+        let number = Convert.ToByte(value)
+        printfn $"""'%A{value}' --> {number}"""
+    with
+    | :? FormatException ->
+        printfn $"Bad Format: '%A{value}'"
+    | :? OverflowException ->
+        printfn $"OverflowException: '{value}'"
+
+// The example displays the following output:
+//     '<null>' --> 0
+//     Bad Format: ''
+//     Bad Format: '0xC9'
+//     Bad Format: 'C9'
+//     '101' --> 101
+//     Bad Format: '16.3'
+//     Bad Format: '$12'
+//     Bad Format: '$12.01'
+//     OverflowException: '-4'
+//     Bad Format: '1,032'
+//     '255' --> 255
+//     '   16  ' --> 16
+// </Snippet15>
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
+    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="tobyte1.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="tobyte2.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="tobyte3.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="tobyte4.fs" />
+    <Compile Include="ToByte5.fs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+module tobyte1
+
+open System
+
+let convertBoolean () =
+      // <Snippet1>
+      let falseFlag = false
+      let trueFlag = true
+
+      printfn $"{falseFlag} converts to {Convert.ToByte falseFlag}."
+      printfn $"{trueFlag} converts to {Convert.ToByte trueFlag}."
+      // The example displays the following output:
+      //       False converts to 0.
+      //       True converts to 1.
+      // </Snippet1>
+
+let convertChar () =
+    // <Snippet2>
+    let chars = [| 'a'; 'z'; '\u0007'; '\u03FF' |]
+    for ch in chars do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte ch
+            printfn $"{ch} is converted to {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"Unable to convert u+{Convert.ToInt16 ch:X4} to a byte."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       a is converted to 97.
+    //       z is converted to 122.
+    //        is converted to 7.
+    //       Unable to convert u+03FF to a byte.
+    // </Snippet2>
+
+let convertInt16 () =
+    // <Snippet3>
+    let numbers = [| Int16.MinValue; -1s; 0s; 121s; 340s; Int16.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       The Int16 value -32768 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int16 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the Int16 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the Int16 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The Int16 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int16 value 32767 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet3>
+
+let convertInt32 () =
+    // <Snippet4>
+    let numbers = [| Int32.MinValue; -1; 0; 121; 340; Int32.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       The Int32 value -2147483648 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int32 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the Int32 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the Int32 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The Int32 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int32 value 2147483647 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet4>
+
+let convertInt64 () =
+    // <Snippet5>
+    let numbers = [| Int64.MinValue; -1L; 0L; 121L; 34L; Int64.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       The Int64 value -9223372036854775808 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int64 value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the Int64 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the Int64 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The Int64 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The Int64 value 9223372036854775807 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet5>
+
+let convertObject () =
+    // <Snippet6>
+    let values: obj[] = 
+        [| true; -12; 163; 935; 'x'; "104"; "103.0" 
+           "-1"; "1.00e2"; "One"; 1.00e2 |]
+    for value in values do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte value
+            printfn $"Converted the {value.GetType().Name} value {value} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with
+        | :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {value.GetType().Name} value {value} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+        | :? FormatException ->
+            printfn $"The {value.GetType().Name} value {value} is not in a recognizable format."
+        | :? InvalidCastException ->
+            printfn $"No conversion to a Byte exists for the {value.GetType().Name} value {value}."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       Converted the Boolean value True to the Byte value 1.
+    //       The Int32 value -12 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the Int32 value 163 to the Byte value 163.
+    //       The Int32 value 935 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the Char value x to the Byte value 120.
+    //       Converted the String value 104 to the Byte value 104.
+    //       The String value 103.0 is not in a recognizable format.
+    //       The String value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The String value 1.00e2 is not in a recognizable format.
+    //       The String value One is not in a recognizable format.
+    //       Converted the Double value 100 to the Byte value 100.
+    // </Snippet6>
+
+let convertSByte () =
+    // <Snippet7>
+    let numbers = [| SByte.MinValue; -1y; 0y; 10y; SByte.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       The SByte value -128 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The SByte value -1 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       Converted the SByte value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the SByte value 10 to the Byte value 10.
+    //       Converted the SByte value 127 to the Byte value 127.
+    // </Snippet7>
+
+let convertUInt16 () =
+    // <Snippet8>
+    let numbers = [| UInt16.MinValue; 121us; 340us; UInt16.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       Converted the UInt16 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the UInt16 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The UInt16 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The UInt16 value 65535 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet8>
+
+let convertUInt32 () =
+    // <Snippet9>
+    let numbers = [| UInt32.MinValue; 121u; 340u; UInt32.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       Converted the UInt32 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the UInt32 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The UInt32 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The UInt32 value 4294967295 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet9>
+
+let convertUInt64 () =
+    // <Snippet10>
+    let numbers= [| UInt64.MinValue; 121uL; 340uL; UInt64.MaxValue |]
+    for number in numbers do
+        try
+            let result = Convert.ToByte number
+            printfn $"Converted the {number.GetType().Name} value {number} to the {result.GetType().Name} value {result}."
+        with :? OverflowException ->
+            printfn $"The {number.GetType().Name} value {number} is outside the range of the Byte type."
+    // The example displays the following output:
+    //       Converted the UInt64 value 0 to the Byte value 0.
+    //       Converted the UInt64 value 121 to the Byte value 121.
+    //       The UInt64 value 340 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    //       The UInt64 value 18446744073709551615 is outside the range of the Byte type.
+    // </Snippet10>
+
+convertBoolean ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertChar ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertInt16 ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertInt32 ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertInt64 ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertObject ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertSByte ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertUInt16 ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertUInt32 ()
+printfn "-----"
+convertUInt64 ()