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llama : add high-throughput mode #14363

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@ggerganov ggerganov commented Jun 24, 2025 •
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target #14285

Overview

Improve multi-sequence decoding performance by avoiding the cross-sequence attention compute of the unified KV cache.

Still WIP, but initial results are promising. The functionality is temporarily gated with env LLAMA_HT and also requires the LLAMA_SET_ROWS from #14285.

Detailed description will be added when I make some more progress and am more convinced that the approach is viable.

Testing

# master
make -j && ./bin/llama-batched-bench -m ../models/qwen2.5-3b-coder/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf -c 100000 -b 2048 -ub 512 -npp 0,0,512,1024,2048 -ntg 32 -npl 32 -fa

main: n_kv_max = 100096, n_batch = 2048, n_ubatch = 512, flash_attn = 1, is_pp_shared = 0, n_gpu_layers = -1, n_threads = 16, n_threads_batch = 16

|    PP |     TG |    B |   N_KV |   T_PP s | S_PP t/s |   T_TG s | S_TG t/s |      T s |    S t/s |
|-------|--------|------|--------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|     0 |     32 |   32 |   1024 |    0.000 |     0.00 |    1.387 |   738.54 |    1.387 |   738.51 |
|     0 |     32 |   32 |   1024 |    0.000 |     0.00 |    1.396 |   733.74 |    1.396 |   733.69 |
|   512 |     32 |   32 |  17408 |    6.054 |  2706.51 |    2.021 |   506.62 |    8.075 |  2155.85 |
|  1024 |     32 |   32 |  33792 |   13.002 |  2520.20 |    2.668 |   383.80 |   15.670 |  2156.45 |
|  2048 |     32 |   32 |  66560 |   29.922 |  2190.20 |    3.957 |   258.81 |   33.879 |  1964.64 |
# PR
make -j && LLAMA_HT=1 LLAMA_SET_ROWS=1 ./bin/llama-batched-bench -m ../models/qwen2.5-3b-coder/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf -c 10000 -b 2048 -ub 512 -npp 0,0,512,1024,2048 -ntg 32 -npl 32 -fa

main: n_kv_max = 10240, n_batch = 2048, n_ubatch = 512, flash_attn = 1, is_pp_shared = 0, n_gpu_layers = -1, n_threads = 16, n_threads_batch = 16

|    PP |     TG |    B |   N_KV |   T_PP s | S_PP t/s |   T_TG s | S_TG t/s |      T s |    S t/s |
|-------|--------|------|--------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|     0 |     32 |   32 |   1024 |    0.000 |     0.00 |    1.322 |   774.85 |    1.322 |   774.71 |
|     0 |     32 |   32 |   1024 |    0.000 |     0.00 |    1.315 |   778.66 |    1.315 |   778.49 |
|   512 |     32 |   32 |  17408 |    5.630 |  2910.32 |    1.474 |   694.51 |    7.104 |  2450.44 |
|  1024 |     32 |   32 |  33792 |   11.577 |  2830.46 |    1.549 |   661.13 |   13.126 |  2574.48 |
|  2048 |     32 |   32 |  66560 |   24.376 |  2688.52 |    1.729 |   592.27 |   26.105 |  2549.69 |

Using a more real-world example with llama-parallel:

# master
make -j && ./bin/llama-parallel -m ../models/qwen2.5-3b-coder/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf -np 8 -ns 128 -s 1 -c 16384 -fa

# PR
make -j && LLAMA_HT=1 LLAMA_SET_ROWS=1 ./bin/llama-parallel -m ../models/qwen2.5-3b-coder/ggml-model-q8_0.gguf -np 32 -ns 128 -s 1 -c 4096 -fa

TODO

  • FA path
  • Non-FA path
  • Metal FA
  • Metal non-FA
  • CPU FA
  • CPU non-FA
  • ggml_soft_max_ext() support for virtual sequences
  • llama_memory_seq_cp support for virtual sequences
  • iSWA
  • split_equal support sequential ids
  • CUDA
  • Vulkan
  • etc.
  • more consistent sequence/virtual sequence naming
  • better term than "virtual sequence"?
  • env LLAMA_HT become regular compute parameter
  • Fix n_ctx meaning (total vs per-sequence)
  • Check input batch for no coupled sequences when HT is on
  • Require n_embd_v_gqa(il) == const when FA is off

@github-actions github-actions bot added examples ggml changes relating to the ggml tensor library for machine learning Apple Metal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_(API) labels Jun 24, 2025
@JohannesGaessler
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Right now I am comparatively less busy with my PhD so it would be a good time for me to write CUDA code that is still missing, if there is any.

@ggerganov
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ggerganov commented Jun 24, 2025 •
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For now, these are the necessary CUDA changes:

  • Add ggml_set_rows() support (need PR towards ggml : add ggml_set_rows #14274, can already start implementing this)
  • Extend ggml_flash_attn_ext() to support n_seq dim if it does not yet:
// old
    // q:    [n_embd_k, n_batch,     n_head,    1]
    // k:    [n_embd_k, n_kv,        n_head_kv, 1]
    // v:    [n_embd_v, n_kv,        n_head_kv, 1] !! not transposed !!
    // mask: [n_kv,     n_batch_pad, 1,         1] !! n_batch_pad = GGML_PAD(n_batch, GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD) !!
    // res:  [n_embd_v, n_head,      n_batch,   1] !! permuted !!
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn_ext(
            ...);

// new - supports `n_seq` dimension:
    // q:    [n_embd_k, n_batch,     n_head,    n_seq]
    // k:    [n_embd_k, n_kv,        n_head_kv, n_seq]
    // v:    [n_embd_v, n_kv,        n_head_kv, n_seq] !! not transposed !!
    // mask: [n_kv,     n_batch_pad, n_seq,         1] !! n_batch_pad = GGML_PAD(n_batch, GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD) !!
    // res:  [n_embd_v, n_head,      n_batch,   n_seq] !! permuted !!
    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn_ext(
            ...);

CPU might also need to be extended (not sure yet)

  • Extend ggml_soft_max_ext to support n_seq dim if it does not yet in a similar way. Also not sure about the CPU state.

Edit: the CPU versions of ggml_soft_max_ext() and ggml_flash_attn_ext() are now correct and can be used as a reference.

@ggerganov ggerganov force-pushed the gg/llama-high-throughput branch from ab2a2bb to 1b74b9d Compare June 24, 2025 17:24
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@ggerganov ggerganov force-pushed the gg/kv-cache-use-set-rows branch 3 times, most recently from 82277da to 4534123 Compare June 30, 2025 14:08
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@ggerganov ggerganov force-pushed the gg/kv-cache-use-set-rows branch from 2f577c5 to 30b4d4e Compare July 2, 2025 12:49
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@ggerganov ggerganov force-pushed the gg/llama-high-throughput branch from 6179578 to dfceb01 Compare July 2, 2025 18:20
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