Backport of numpy#26703, numpy#26706, and numpy#26812.

Closes numpy#25784. Background and notes:
- Although the CLI was passing `fc_flags` to the Meson backend they
  weren't being used
- The behavior currently is to (redundantly) collect the unique set of
  flags passed via either `--f77flags` or `--f90flags`
  - They all map to `fortran_args` for the `meson.build` (`distutils`
    used to have separate handling for the two cases)
  - Eventually these should be merged into a single `--fflags` argument
    (basically since they're now redundant post-distutils)
    - This is likely only when we have 3.12 as the lowest supported
      version, since `distutils` will need to have both CLI options
- The test is specially crafted to get an error without `-ffixed-form`
  but is otherwise junk
  - Adding a continuation character at the end of the line as well will
    both get `f2py` and `gfortran` to compile without `-ffixed-form`
  - Or putting the same code in a `.f` file, thereby signalling to F2PY
    that this is a Fortran 77 file

It does make sense to handle `fortran_args` this way though, since it is
more robust than setting `FFLAGS` (which anyway won't work due to a
`meson` bug, mesonbuild/meson#13327).

Squashed commit of the following:

commit bbc198b48b79417f210bd38de6c60ab98d18857d
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jun 28 19:43:41 2024 +0200

    CI,MAINT: Bump gfortran version [wheel build]

    Co-authored-by: ngoldbaum <[email protected]>

commit fffa296b7a611de1ab25f85619e92e6d6c5185a4
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jun 28 14:54:50 2024 +0200

    CI,TST: Fix meson tests needing gfortran [wheel build]

commit 807e898e80e544e720512f9feccc9c897cd55f08
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jun 16 09:40:06 2024 +0000

    TST: Skip an f2py module test on Windows

commit cbcb6c2c4340f5bbca46e2c6d8474bbed7d90664
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jun 16 04:06:16 2024 +0000

    MAINT: Be more robust wrt f2py flags

commit 09e3eb004b0e076271817384a92d489b3b0cc0eb
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jun 16 03:44:17 2024 +0000

    TST: Add one for passing arguments to f2py

    Co-authored-by: warrickball <[email protected]>

commit 04d53b44b75537fc5b411cf9e54c2f169198419f
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jun 16 00:14:54 2024 +0000

    BUG: Use fortran args from f2py in meson

commit 6f736b0cbe977ba9270c45f7cc22b7ae8ce06ed2
Author: Rohit Goswami <[email protected]>
Date:   Sat Jun 15 23:36:55 2024 +0000

    MAINT,BUG: Correctly skip distutils options