scikit-learn · ogrisel · Dec 20, 2019 · Dec 19, 2019 · Dec 19, 2019 · Dec 19, 2019
diff --git a/doc/whats_new/v0.22.rst b/doc/whats_new/v0.22.rst
@@ -15,12 +15,25 @@ This is a bug-fix release to primarily resolve some packaging issues in version
 Changelog
 ---------
 
+
 :mod:`sklearn.cluster`
 ......................
 
 - |Fix| :class:`KMeans` with ``algorithm="elkan"`` now uses the same stopping
   criterion as with the default ``algorithm="full"``. :pr:`15930` by
   :user:`inder128`.
+
+:mod:`sklearn.inspection`
+.........................
+
+- |Fix| :func:`inspection.permutation_importance` will return the same
+  `importances` when a `random_state` is given for both `n_jobs=1` or
+  `n_jobs>1` both with shared memory backends (thread-safety) and
+  isolated memory, process-based backends.
+  Also avoid casting the data as object dtype and avoid read-only error
+  on large dataframes with `n_jobs>1` as reported in :issue:`15810`.
+  Follow-up of :pr:`15898` by :user:`Shivam Gargsya <shivamgargsya>`.
+  :pr:`15933` by :user:`Guillaume Lemaitre <glemaitre>` and `Olivier Grisel`_.
 
 :mod:`sklearn.metrics`
 ......................

diff --git a/sklearn/inspection/_permutation_importance.py b/sklearn/inspection/_permutation_importance.py
@@ -4,41 +4,36 @@
 from joblib import delayed
 
 from ..metrics import check_scoring
+from ..utils import Bunch
 from ..utils import check_random_state
 from ..utils import check_array
-from ..utils import Bunch
-
-
-def _safe_column_setting(X, col_idx, values):
-    """Set column on X using `col_idx`"""
-    if hasattr(X, "iloc"):
-        X.iloc[:, col_idx] = values
-    else:
-        X[:, col_idx] = values
-
-
-def _safe_column_indexing(X, col_idx):
-    """Return column from X using `col_idx`"""
-    if hasattr(X, "iloc"):
-        return X.iloc[:, col_idx].values
-    else:
-        return X[:, col_idx]
 
 
 def _calculate_permutation_scores(estimator, X, y, col_idx, random_state,
                                   n_repeats, scorer):
     """Calculate score when `col_idx` is permuted."""
-    original_feature = _safe_column_indexing(X, col_idx).copy()
-    temp = original_feature.copy()
+    random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
 
+    # Work on a copy of X to to ensure thread-safety in case of threading based
+    # parallelism. Furthermore, making a copy is also useful when the joblib
+    # backend is 'loky' (default) or the old 'multiprocessing': in those cases,
+    # if X is large it will be automatically be backed by a readonly memory map
+    # (memmap). X.copy() on the other hand is always guaranteed to return a
+    # writable data-structure whose columns can be shuffled inplace.
+    X_permuted = X.copy()
     scores = np.zeros(n_repeats)
+    shuffling_idx = np.arange(X.shape[0])
     for n_round in range(n_repeats):
-        random_state.shuffle(temp)
-        _safe_column_setting(X, col_idx, temp)
-        feature_score = scorer(estimator, X, y)
+        random_state.shuffle(shuffling_idx)
+        if hasattr(X_permuted, "iloc"):
+            col = X_permuted.iloc[shuffling_idx, col_idx]
+            col.index = X_permuted.index
+            X_permuted.iloc[:, col_idx] = col
+        else:
+            X_permuted[:, col_idx] = X_permuted[shuffling_idx, col_idx]
+        feature_score = scorer(estimator, X_permuted, y)
         scores[n_round] = feature_score
 
-    _safe_column_setting(X, col_idx, original_feature)
     return scores
 
 
@@ -104,20 +99,22 @@ def permutation_importance(estimator, X, y, scoring=None, n_repeats=5,
     .. [BRE] L. Breiman, "Random Forests", Machine Learning, 45(1), 5-32,
              2001. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
     """
-    if hasattr(X, "iloc"):
-        X = X.copy()  # Dataframe
-    else:
-        X = check_array(X, force_all_finite='allow-nan', dtype=np.object,
-                        copy=True)
-
+    if not hasattr(X, "iloc"):
+        X = check_array(X, force_all_finite='allow-nan', dtype=None)
+
+    # Precompute random seed from the random state to be used
+    # to get a fresh independent RandomState instance for each
+    # parallel call to _calculate_permutation_scores, irrespective of
+    # the fact that variables are shared or not depending on the active
+    # joblib backend (sequential, thread-based or process-based).
     random_state = check_random_state(random_state)
-    scorer = check_scoring(estimator, scoring=scoring)
+    random_seed = random_state.randint(np.iinfo(np.int32).max + 1)
 
+    scorer = check_scoring(estimator, scoring=scoring)
     baseline_score = scorer(estimator, X, y)
-    scores = np.zeros((X.shape[1], n_repeats))
 
     scores = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs)(delayed(_calculate_permutation_scores)(
-        estimator, X, y, col_idx, random_state, n_repeats, scorer
+        estimator, X, y, col_idx, random_seed, n_repeats, scorer
     ) for col_idx in range(X.shape[1]))
 
     importances = baseline_score - np.array(scores)

diff --git a/sklearn/inspection/tests/test_permutation_importance.py b/sklearn/inspection/tests/test_permutation_importance.py
@@ -6,17 +6,23 @@
 from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
 from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
 from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
+from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
 from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
+from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
 from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
 from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
 from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
 from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
 from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
 from sklearn.inspection import permutation_importance
 from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
+from sklearn.preprocessing import KBinsDiscretizer
 from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
 from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
 from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
+from sklearn.utils import parallel_backend
+from sklearn.utils._testing import _convert_container
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("n_jobs", [1, 2])
 def test_permutation_importance_correlated_feature_regression(n_jobs):
@@ -150,3 +156,123 @@ def test_permutation_importance_linear_regresssion():
                                      scoring='neg_mean_squared_error')
     assert_allclose(expected_importances, results.importances_mean,
                     rtol=1e-1, atol=1e-6)
+
+
+def test_permutation_importance_equivalence_sequential_parallel():
+    # regression test to make sure that sequential and parallel calls will
+    # output the same results.
+    X, y = make_regression(n_samples=500, n_features=10, random_state=0)
+    lr = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
+
+    importance_sequential = permutation_importance(
+        lr, X, y, n_repeats=5, random_state=0, n_jobs=1
+    )
+
+    # First check that the problem is structured enough and that the model is
+    # complex enough to not yield trivial, constant importances:
+    imp_min = importance_sequential['importances'].min()
+    imp_max = importance_sequential['importances'].max()
+    assert imp_max - imp_min > 0.3
+
+    # The actually check that parallelism does not impact the results
+    # either with shared memory (threading) or without isolated memory
+    # via process-based parallelism using the default backend
+    # ('loky' or 'multiprocessing') depending on the joblib version:
+
+    # process-based parallelism (by default):
+    importance_processes = permutation_importance(
+        lr, X, y, n_repeats=5, random_state=0, n_jobs=2)
+    assert_allclose(
+        importance_processes['importances'],
+        importance_sequential['importances']
+    )
+
+    # thread-based parallelism:
+    with parallel_backend("threading"):
+        importance_threading = permutation_importance(
+            lr, X, y, n_repeats=5, random_state=0, n_jobs=2
+        )
+    assert_allclose(
+        importance_threading['importances'],
+        importance_sequential['importances']
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("n_jobs", [None, 1, 2])
+def test_permutation_importance_equivalence_array_dataframe(n_jobs):
+    # This test checks that the column shuffling logic has the same behavior
+    # both a dataframe and a simple numpy array.
+    pd = pytest.importorskip('pandas')
+
+    # regression test to make sure that sequential and parallel calls will
+    # output the same results.
+    X, y = make_regression(n_samples=100, n_features=5, random_state=0)
+    X_df = pd.DataFrame(X)
+
+    # Add a categorical feature that is statistically linked to y:
+    binner = KBinsDiscretizer(n_bins=3, encode="ordinal")
+    cat_column = binner.fit_transform(y.reshape(-1, 1))
+
+    # Concatenate the extra column to the numpy array: integers will be
+    # cast to float values
+    X = np.hstack([X, cat_column])
+    assert X.dtype.kind == "f"
+
+    # Insert extra column as a non-numpy-native dtype (while keeping backward
+    # compat for old pandas versions):
+    if hasattr(pd, "Categorical"):
+        cat_column = pd.Categorical(cat_column.ravel())
+    else:
+        cat_column = cat_column.ravel()
+    new_col_idx = len(X_df.columns)
+    X_df[new_col_idx] = cat_column
+    assert X_df[new_col_idx].dtype == cat_column.dtype
+
+    # Stich an aribtrary index to the dataframe:
+    X_df.index = np.arange(len(X_df)).astype(str)
+
+    rf = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=5, max_depth=3, random_state=0)
+    rf.fit(X, y)
+
+    n_repeats = 3
+    importance_array = permutation_importance(
+        rf, X, y, n_repeats=n_repeats, random_state=0, n_jobs=n_jobs
+    )
+
+    # First check that the problem is structured enough and that the model is
+    # complex enough to not yield trivial, constant importances:
+    imp_min = importance_array['importances'].min()
+    imp_max = importance_array['importances'].max()
+    assert imp_max - imp_min > 0.3
+
+    # Now check that importances computed on dataframe matche the values
+    # of those computed on the array with the same data.
+    importance_dataframe = permutation_importance(
+        rf, X_df, y, n_repeats=n_repeats, random_state=0, n_jobs=n_jobs
+    )
+    assert_allclose(
+        importance_array['importances'],
+        importance_dataframe['importances']
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("input_type", ["array", "dataframe"])
+def test_permutation_importance_large_memmaped_data(input_type):
+    # Smoke, non-regression test for:
+    # https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/15810
+    n_samples, n_features = int(5e4), 4
+    X, y = make_classification(n_samples=n_samples, n_features=n_features,
+                               random_state=0)
+    assert X.nbytes > 1e6  # trigger joblib memmaping
+
+    X = _convert_container(X, input_type)
+    clf = DummyClassifier(strategy='prior').fit(X, y)
+
+    # Actual smoke test: should not raise any error:
+    n_repeats = 5
+    r = permutation_importance(clf, X, y, n_repeats=n_repeats, n_jobs=2)
+
+    # Auxiliary check: DummyClassifier is feature independent:
+    # permutating feature should not change the predictions
+    expected_importances = np.zeros((n_features, n_repeats))
+    assert_allclose(expected_importances, r.importances)