uutils · naoNao89 · Nov 4, 2025 · Nov 8, 2025
diff --git a/.github/workflows/benchmarks.yml b/.github/workflows/benchmarks.yml
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ jobs:
           - { package: uu_cksum }
           - { package: uu_cp }
           - { package: uu_cut }
+          - { package: uu_dd }
           - { package: uu_du }
           - { package: uu_expand }
           - { package: uu_fold }

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/src/uu/dd/Cargo.toml b/src/uu/dd/Cargo.toml
@@ -37,3 +37,12 @@ nix = { workspace = true, features = ["fs"] }
 [[bin]]
 name = "dd"
 path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+divan = { workspace = true }
+tempfile = { workspace = true }
+uucore = { workspace = true, features = ["benchmark"] }
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "dd_bench"
+harness = false
diff --git a/src/uu/dd/benches/dd_bench.rs b/src/uu/dd/benches/dd_bench.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// This file is part of the uutils coreutils package.
+//
+// For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+// file that was distributed with this source code.
+
+use divan::{Bencher, black_box};
+use std::fs::{self, File};
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+use uu_dd::uumain;
+use uucore::benchmark::run_util_function;
+
+fn create_test_file(path: &Path, size_mb: usize) {
+    let buffer = vec![b'x'; size_mb * 1024 * 1024];
+    let mut file = File::create(path).unwrap();
+    file.write_all(&buffer).unwrap();
+    file.sync_all().unwrap();
+}
+
+fn remove_file(path: &Path) {
+    if path.exists() {
+        fs::remove_file(path).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Benchmark basic dd copy with default settings
+#[divan::bench(args = [32])]
+fn dd_copy_default(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd copy with 4KB block size (common page size)
+#[divan::bench(args = [24])]
+fn dd_copy_4k_blocks(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=4K",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd copy with 64KB block size
+#[divan::bench(args = [64])]
+fn dd_copy_64k_blocks(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=64K",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd copy with 1MB block size
+#[divan::bench(args = [128])]
+fn dd_copy_1m_blocks(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=1M",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd copy with separate input and output block sizes
+#[divan::bench(args = [48])]
+fn dd_copy_separate_blocks(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "ibs=8K",
+                "obs=16K",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd with count limit (partial copy)
+#[divan::bench(args = [32])]
+fn dd_copy_partial(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=4K",
+                "count=1024",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd with skip (seeking in input)
+#[divan::bench(args = [48])]
+fn dd_copy_with_skip(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=4K",
+                "skip=256",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd with seek (seeking in output)
+#[divan::bench(args = [48])]
+fn dd_copy_with_seek(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=4K",
+                "seek=256",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+/// Benchmark dd with different block sizes for comparison
+#[divan::bench(args = [32])]
+fn dd_copy_8k_blocks(bencher: Bencher, size_mb: usize) {
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let input = temp_dir.path().join("input.bin");
+    let output = temp_dir.path().join("output.bin");
+
+    create_test_file(&input, size_mb);
+
+    let input_str = input.to_str().unwrap();
+    let output_str = output.to_str().unwrap();
+
+    bencher.bench(|| {
+        remove_file(&output);
+        black_box(run_util_function(
+            uumain,
+            &[
+                &format!("if={input_str}"),
+                &format!("of={output_str}"),
+                "bs=8K",
+                "status=none",
+            ],
+        ));
+    });
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    divan::main();
+}