Bibliography

All sources cited across Redistributed articles.~400 sources

"AI startups are consuming venture capital at an unprecedented rate." Financial Times, 2025. Link
"Amazon to invest up to $4 billion in Anthropic." The New York Times, September 2023. Link
"California AG scrutinizes OpenAI's nonprofit conversion." TechCrunch, 2025. Link
"Google lays off 12,000 employees." The New York Times, January 20, 2023. Link
"Judge declines to block OpenAI's for-profit conversion in Elon Musk case." Reuters, February 2025. Link
"Mark Zuckerberg says Meta is making 2023 the 'Year of Efficiency.'" The Verge, February 1, 2023. Link
"Microsoft lays off 10,000 workers as it looks to AI." BBC News, January 18, 2023. Link
"OpenAI in talks for funding round that would value it at $150 billion." Bloomberg, September 2024. Link
"OpenAI plans to become for-profit corporation, remove nonprofit from control." The Washington Post, December 27, 2025. Link

A

Abdin, Marah et al. "Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone." Microsoft Research, 2024. arXiv
Acemoglu, Daron and Pascual Restrepo. "Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets." Journal of Political Economy 128, no. 6 (2020). JPE
Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. "Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (2019): 3-30. AEA
Acemoglu, Daron, and Simon Johnson. Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity. PublicAffairs, 2023. Publisher
Acemoglu, Daron. "Harms of AI." Cambridge Journal of Economics 45, no. 4 (2021): 819–830. Cambridge
Acemoglu, Daron. "The Simple Macroeconomics of AI." NBER Working Paper 32487, 2024. NBER
Acemoglu, Daron. "The Wrong Kind of AI? Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Labour Demand." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 13, no. 1 (2020). Oxford Academic
Africa World Initiative. "Lelapa AI launches Africa's first AI large language model." Princeton University, 2024. Article
Aghion, Philippe and Peter Howitt. "A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction." Econometrica 60, no. 2 (1992): 323-351.
Ahuja, Kabir, et al. "MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AI." EMNLP (2023). arXiv
AI Now Institute. "About AI Now." Website
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. "The Paradox of Automation as Anti-Bias Intervention." Cardozo Law Review 41, no. 5 (2020). SSRN
Alemohammad, Sina et al. "Self-Consuming Generative Models Go MAD." ICLR, 2024. arXiv
Algorithmic Justice League. "About." ajl.org
Allen, Gregory. "Understanding China's AI Strategy." Center for a New American Security, 2019. CNAS
Allen, Robert C. "Engels' Pause: Technical Change, Capital Accumulation, and Inequality in the British Industrial Revolution." Explorations in Economic History, 2009. Elsevier
AMI Labs: Real World. Real Intelligence. — AMI Labs
Anderljung, Markus et al. "Frontier AI Regulation: Managing Emerging Risks to Public Safety." 2023. arXiv
Anderson, Chris. Free: The Future of a Radical Price. Hyperion, 2009. Publisher
Andreessen Horowitz. "Who Owns the Generative AI Platform?" 2023. a16z
Anthropic. "Anthropic's Responsible Scaling Policy." 2023. Anthropic
Anthropic. "Claude 3 Model Card." March 2024. PDF
Anthropic. "Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input." 2023. Anthropic
Anthropic. "Core Views on AI Safety." 2023. Anthropic
Anthropic. "Pricing." 2026. Anthropic
Anthropic. "Service Tiers." 2026. Anthropic Docs
Anthropic. "System Cards." Accessed March 2026. Anthropic
Anthropic. "Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback." 2022. arXiv
Ardila, Rosana et al. "Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpus." LREC, 2020. arXiv
Artificial Analysis. "Llama 4 Maverick - Intelligence, Performance & Price Analysis." 2026. Artificial Analysis
Assran, Mahmoud et al. "Self-Supervised Learning from Images with a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture." CVPR, 2023. arXiv
Autor, David, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson. "The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade." Annual Review of Economics, 2016. Annual Reviews
Autor, David. "The Labor Market Impacts of Technological Change: From Unbridled Enthusiasm to Qualified Optimism to Vast Uncertainty." NBER Working Paper 30074, 2022. NBER
Autor, David. "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2015. AEA
Autor, David. "Work of the Past, Work of the Future." AEA Papers and Proceedings 109 (2019). AEA
Axios. "How AI swallowed tech lobbying in 2025." January 2026. Axios

B

Bai, Yuntao et al. "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback." 2022. arXiv
Barnett, Scott, et al. "Seven Failure Points When Engineering a Retrieval Augmented Generation System." arXiv preprint, 2024. arXiv
Barocas, Solon & Selbst, Andrew. "Big Data's Disparate Impact." California Law Review, 2016. SSRN
Benaich, Nathan & Hogarth, Ian. "State of AI Report." 2024. State of AI
Benanav, Aaron. Automation and the Future of Work. Verso Books, 2020. Publisher
Bender, Emily M., and Alexander Koller. "Climbing Towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data." Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. ACL Anthology
Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?" Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 2021. ACM
Benjamin, Ruha. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity Press, 2019. Publisher
Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, 2006. Yale Press
BigScience Workshop. "BLOOM." bigscience.huggingface.co
Birhane, Abeba. "Algorithmic Colonization of Africa." SCRIPTed 17, no. 2 (2020). SCRIPTed
Birhane, Abeba. "The Impossibility of Automating Ambiguity." Artificial Life, 2021. MIT Press
Black, Sid et al. "GPT-Neo: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling with Mesh-Tensorflow." 2021. GitHub
Black, Sid et al. "GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Model." arXiv, 2022. arXiv
Bloom, Benjamin S. "The 2 Sigma Problem: The Search for Methods of Group Instruction as Effective as One-to-One Tutoring." Educational Researcher 13, no. 6 (1984): 4–16. JSTOR
Bommasani, Rishi, et al. "The Foundation Model Transparency Index (v1.1)." Stanford HAI, May 2024. Stanford HAI
Bougueng T., Renaud. "AI and Human Civilization: Strategic Foresight." Maisons Noaré, March 18, 2026. Maisons Noaré
Bougueng T., Renaud. AI and Human Civilization: Strategic Foresight for Our Shared Future. 2026.
Bougueng, Cédric. "AI and Human Civilization — Strategic Foresight." 2026.
Bougueng, R. "Governing AI-to-AI Dynamics: Recursive Improvement and Systemic Risk." AI Policy Journal, 2026.
Bradford, Anu. The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World. Oxford University Press, 2020. Publisher
Brohan, Anthony, et al. "RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control." arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15818, 2023. arXiv
DeepSeek shows the limits of US export controls on AI chips — Brookings Institution
Broussard, Meredith. More Than a Glitch: Confronting Race, Gender, and Ability Bias in Tech. MIT Press, 2023. Publisher
Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee. The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton, 2014. Publisher
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li, and Lindsey R. Raymond. "Generative AI at Work." NBER Working Paper 31161, 2023. NBER
Bubeck, Sebastien, et al. "Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4." arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.12712, 2023. arXiv
Buolamwini, Joy and Timnit Gebru. "Gender Shades." FAT, 2018. MIT
Buolamwini, Joy, and Timnit Gebru. "Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification." Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Volume 81, 2018. MLR
Bureau of Industry and Security. "Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items to China." Federal Register, October 2023 (updated). Federal Register
Bureau of Industry and Security. "Implementation of Additional Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items." Federal Register, 2022. Federal Register
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Consumer Price Index." 2024. BLS
Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Labor Productivity and Costs." 2024. BLS
BuzzFeed News. "Blanked-Out Spots on China's Maps Reveal the Locations of Uyghur Internment Camps." 2020. BuzzFeed News

C

Cargill, Carl. "Embrace, Extend, and Extinguish." Open Standards and the Digital Economy, 1996.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. "All Eyes on Sacramento: SB 1047 and the AI Safety Debate." September 2024. Carnegie
CB Insights. "State of AI Report 2025." CB Insights
Chesney, Bobby and Danielle Citron. "Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security." California Law Review 107 (2019): 1753-1820. California Law Review
Chollet, François. "On the Measure of Intelligence." 2019. arXiv
Christensen, Clayton. The Innovator's Dilemma. Harvard Business Review Press, 1997. HBR Press
Cihon, Peter et al. "AI Governance: A Research Agenda." arXiv, 2020. arXiv
City of Amsterdam. "Algorithm Register." Amsterdam
Collective Intelligence Project. "About CIP." Website
Collective Intelligence Project. "Alignment Assemblies." 2023. CIP
Collingridge, David. The Social Control of Technology. Frances Pinter, 1980.
Colorado General Assembly. "SB 24-205: Concerning Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence." 2024. Colorado Legislature
Common Crawl. "About." commoncrawl.org
Common Crawl. "Statistics." commoncrawl.org/stats
Congress.gov. "Section 230 Immunity and Generative Artificial Intelligence." Congress.gov
Corbett-Davies, Sam & Goel, Sharad. "The Measure and Mismeasure of Fairness." Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2018. arXiv
Corporate Europe Observatory. "Big Tech lobbying is derailing the AI Act." November 2023. CEO
Corporate Europe Observatory. "Don't let corporate lobbying further water down the AI Act." March 2024. CEO
Corporate Europe Observatory. "The Lobbying Behind the EU AI Act." 2023. CEO
Cottier, Ben et al. "The Rising Costs of Training Frontier AI Models." Epoch AI, 2024. Epoch AI
Couldry, Nick and Ulises Mejias. The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. Publisher
Countouris, Nicola and Valerio De Stefano. "The EU Platform Work Directive and Platform Work." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 2024. SSRN
Craik, Kenneth. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge University Press, 1943.
Crawford, Kate and Whittaker, Meredith et al. "AI Now Report" series. Reports
Crawford, Kate. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press, 2021. Yale University Press
Crawford, Susan. Captive Audience: The Telecom Industry and Monopoly Power in the New Gilded Age. Yale University Press, 2013. Yale Press
Creemers, Rogier. "China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control." University of Leiden, 2018. SSRN
Crisan, Alexandra et al. "Interactive Model Cards: A Human-Centered Approach to Model Documentation." FAccT, 2022. ACM
CSET (Center for Security and Emerging Technology). "China's AI Workforce." Georgetown University, 2024. CSET
CSET (Center for Security and Emerging Technology). "The Semiconductor Supply Chain." Khan, Saif M., 2021. CSET
DeepSeek, Huawei, Export Controls, and the Future of the U.S.-China AI Race — CSIS

D

DAIR Institute. "About." Website
Daneshjou, Roxana, et al. "Disparities in Dermatology AI Performance on a Diverse, Curated Clinical Image Set." Science Advances, 2022. Science
De Loecker, Jan, Jan Eeckhout, and Gabriel Unger. "The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2020. QJE
De Stefano, Valerio. "Negotiating the Algorithm: Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and Labor Protection." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 41, no. 1 (2019). SSRN
De Stefano, Valerio. "The Rise of the Just-in-Time Workforce." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 37, no. 3 (2016). SSRN
de Vries, Alex. "The Growing Energy Footprint of Artificial Intelligence." Joule 7(10), 2023. Cell Press
Decidim. "Free Open-Source Participatory Democracy." Decidim
DeepDAO. "Organizations Overview." 2026. DeepDAO
DeepSeek-AI. "DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning." arXiv:2501.12948, January 2025. arXiv
DeepSeek-AI. "DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report." arXiv:2412.19437, December 2024. arXiv
DeepSeek. "DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report." 2024. GitHub
DeFi Llama. "Total Value Locked." 2026. DeFi Llama
Dettmers, Tim et al. "LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale." NeurIPS, 2022. arXiv
Dettmers, Tim et al. "QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized Language Models." NeurIPS, 2023. arXiv
DigiChina Project. "Full Translation: China's 'New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan' (2017)." Stanford University, 2017. DigiChina
Digital Education Council. "2024 Global AI Student Survey." 2024. DEC
Just Say No to Suno? Open Letter Compares AI to Louvre Heist — Digital Music News
Dosovitskiy, Alexey, et al. "An Image Is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale." ICLR, 2021. arXiv
Dubal, Veena. "Algorithmic Wage Discrimination." Columbia Law Review 123, no. 7 (2023). Columbia
Dwoskin, Elizabeth. "Facebook to Pay $52 Million in Settlement with Moderators Who Developed PTSD on the Job." The Washington Post, 2020. Link
Dzieza, Josh. "AI Is a Lot of Work." The Verge, June 20, 2023. The Verge

E

e2b. "Agent Protocol." Agent Protocol
Economic Policy Institute. "CEO Pay Has Skyrocketed 1,460% Since 1978." 2022. EPI
Economic Policy Institute. "The Productivity-Pay Gap." 2024. EPI
Eghbal, Nadia. Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software. Stripe Press, 2020. Stripe Press
EIA (US Energy Information Administration). "Annual Energy Outlook 2025." 2025. EIA
Elish, Madeleine Clare. "Moral Crumple Zones: Cautionary Tales in Human-Robot Interaction." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 2019. ESTS
Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock. "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models." arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.10130, 2023. arXiv
Epoch AI. "Trends in Machine Learning Hardware." 2024. Epoch
The EU AI Act: A Summary — EU AI Act Explorer
Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press, 2018. Publisher
AI Act Timeline and Implementation — European Commission, Digital Strategy
European Commission. "AI Act: Questions and Answers." 2024. EC
European Commission. "Digital Markets Act." Regulation (EU) 2022/1925. EUR-Lex
European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the AI Act). Official Journal of the European Union, August 2024. EUR-Lex
European Parliament. "Platform Work Directive." 2024. EUR-Lex

F

Fang, Lee. "Members of Congress Increasingly Take Jobs as AI Lobbyists." 2024. Lee Fang
Federal Communications Commission. "FCC Makes AI-Generated Voices in Robocalls Illegal." February 2024. FCC
Federal Reserve Board. "Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989." Distributional Financial Accounts, 2024. Federal Reserve
Federal Reserve. "Survey of Consumer Finances." 2023. Federal Reserve
Federal Trade Commission. "FTC Chair Khan and Officials Discuss Investments and Partnerships in AI." 2024. FTC
Feldstein, Steven. "The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2019. Carnegie
Fishkin, James. Democracy When the People Are Thinking: Revitalizing Our Politics Through Public Deliberation. Oxford University Press, 2018. Publisher
Franklin, Ursula. The Real World of Technology. House of Anansi Press, 1989. House of Anansi
Frey, Carl Benedikt and Michael A. Osborne. "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?" Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017. Elsevier
Frey, Carl Benedikt. The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation. Princeton University Press, 2019. Publisher
Friedman, Milton. "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits." The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. NYT Archive
FTC. "FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Investments." 2024. FTC
Future of Life Institute. "EU AI Act Summary." 2024. FLI

G

Gao, Leo et al. "The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling." arXiv, 2020. arXiv
Gao, Yunfan, et al. "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey." arXiv preprint, 2024. arXiv
Gebru, Timnit, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Wortman Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daumé III, and Kate Crawford. "Datasheets for Datasets." Communications of the ACM, Volume 64, Issue 12, December 2021, pp. 86–92. arXiv
Goldman Sachs. "AI, Data Centers, and the Coming US Power Demand Surge." 2024. Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs. "Magnificent Seven Market Analysis." 2024. Goldman Sachs
Good, I.J. "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine." Advances in Computers 6 (1965): 31–88. Elsevier
Google DeepMind. "Gemini 3 Pro Frontier Safety Framework Report." November 2025. PDF
Google DeepMind. "Gemini 3 Pro Model Card." December 2025. PDF
Google DeepMind. "Gemini 3.1 Pro Model Card." February 2026. DeepMind
Google DeepMind. "Model Cards." DeepMind
Google. "2024 Environmental Report." 2024. Google Sustainability
Google. "Gemini Developer API Pricing." 2026. Google AI
Government of Spain. "Ley Rider (Royal Decree-Law 9/2021)." 2021. BOE
Gray, Mary L., and Siddharth Suri. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019. Publisher
Green, Ben. The Smart Enough City: Putting Technology in Its Place to Reclaim Our Urban Future. MIT Press, 2019. MIT Press
Greenstein, Shane. How the Internet Became Commercial. Princeton University Press, 2015. Publisher
Groeneveld, Dirk, et al. "OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models." Allen Institute for AI, February 2024. arXiv
Grynbaum, Michael M. and Ryan Mac. "The Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. Use of Copyrighted Work." The New York Times, December 27, 2023. NYT
Guadamuz, Andres. "Artificial Intelligence and Copyright." WIPO Magazine, October 2017 (updated 2024). WIPO
Guendelsberger, Emily. On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane. Little, Brown, 2019. Publisher

H

Ha, David and Jürgen Schmidhuber. "World Models." arXiv, 2018. arXiv
Hanley, Hans W. A. and Zakir Durumeric. "Machine-Made Media: Monitoring the Mobilization of Machine-Generated Articles on Misinformation and Mainstream News Websites." 2024. arXiv
Hao, Karen. "Artificial Intelligence Is Built on the Backs of Underpaid Workers." MIT Technology Review, 2022. Link
Hao, Karen. "We read the paper that forced Timnit Gebru out of Google. Here's what it says." MIT Technology Review, 2020. Article
Haskel, Jonathan and Stian Westlake. Capitalism Without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy. Princeton University Press, 2018. Publisher
Henderson, Peter et al. "Foundation Models and Fair Use." arXiv, 2023. arXiv
Hersh, Eitan. Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Publisher
Hinton, Geoffrey. "Two Paths to Intelligence." Talk, NeurIPS 2024.
Hinton, Geoffrey. Various interviews and public statements on AI risk, 2023-2025.
Hoffmann, Jordan, et al. "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models." arXiv, 2022. arXiv
Hu, Edward J. et al. "LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models." ICLR, 2022. arXiv
Huang, Saffron et al. "Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Input." Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. Paper
Hugging Face. "The AI community building the future." About
Hugging Face. Model hub and documentation. huggingface.co
Hui, Xiang, Reshef, Oren, and Zhou, Luofeng. "The Short-Term Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Employment." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (2024). ScienceDirect
Human Rights Watch. "China's Algorithms of Repression." 2019. HRW

I

IEA (International Energy Agency). "Critical Minerals Market Review." 2024. IEA
IEA (International Energy Agency). "Electricity 2024: Analysis and Forecast to 2026." 2024. IEA
IG Metall. "Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace: A Framework Agreement." 2022. IG Metall
International Cooperative Alliance. "Cooperative Identity, Values & Principles." ICA
International Telecommunication Union. "Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2025." ITU, 2025. ITU
IntuitionLabs. "AI API Pricing Comparison 2026." 2026. IntuitionLabs
Irani, Lilly. "Difference and Dependence Among Digital Workers: The Case of Amazon Mechanical Turk." South Atlantic Quarterly, 2015. Duke
ITWeb. "SA AI start-up in push to meet diverse linguistic needs." Article

J

Jaroszewicz, Ania, Jon Jachimowicz, Oliver Hauser, and Elizabeth Rhodes. "The Effects of a Guaranteed Income: Findings from the OpenResearch Study." OpenResearch, 2025. OpenResearch
Jensen, Michael C. and William H. Meckling. "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure." Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976): 305-360. ScienceDirect
Jurafsky & Martin. Speech and Language Processing. 3rd ed., 2024. Stanford

K

Kahn, Herman. On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios. Praeger, 1965.
Kak, Amba and Sarah Myers West. "AI Localism: Local Governments Are Taking the Lead in Algorithmic Accountability." AI Now Institute, 2023. AI Now
Kamepalli, Sai Krishna, Raghuram Rajan, and Luigi Zingales. "Kill Zone." NBER Working Paper 27146, 2020. NBER
Kangas, Olli, Signe Jauhiainen, Miska Simanainen, and Minna Ylikännö. "The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results." Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Finland, 2019. Julkaisut
Kaplan, Jared, et al. "Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models." arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361, 2020. arXiv
Kapoor, Sayash et al. "On the Societal Impact of Open Foundation Models." 2024. arXiv
Karya. "Our Model." 2024. Karya
Kellogg, Katherine C., Melissa A. Valentine, and Angèle Christin. "Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control." Academy of Management Annals 14, no. 1 (2020). AoM
Kenney, Martin, and John Zysman. "The Rise of the Platform Economy." Issues in Science and Technology 32, no. 3 (2016). Issues
Khan, Lina & Vaheesan, Sandeep. "Market Power and Inequality: The Antitrust Counterrevolution and Its Discontents." Harvard Law & Policy Review, 2017. SSRN
Khan, Lina. "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox." Yale Law Journal 126, no. 3 (2017). Yale Law Journal
Korinek, Anton and Jai Vipra. "Concentrating Intelligence: Scaling and Market Structure in Artificial Intelligence." Economic Policy, January 2025. Economic Policy
Korinek, Anton, and Megan Juelfs. "Preparing for the (Non-Existent?) Future of Work." Brookings, 2023. Brookings
Korinek, Anton. "Generative AI for Economic Research: Use Cases and Implications for Economists." Journal of Economic Literature, 2023. NBER
Korinek, Anton. "Scenario Planning for an A(G)I Future." IMF Working Paper, 2024. IMF
Korinek, Anton. "The Distributional Effects of AI." Working paper, 2024.

L

Lake, Brenden et al. "Building Machines That Learn and Think Like People." Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2017. arXiv
Lazonick, William. "Profits Without Prosperity." Harvard Business Review, September 2014. HBR
Lazonick, William. "Stock Buybacks: From Retain-and-Reinvest to Downsize-and-Distribute." Center for Effective Public Management, Brookings Institution, 2015. Brookings
LeCun, Yann. "A Path Towards Autonomous Machine Intelligence." Meta AI Technical Report, 2022. OpenReview
Lee, Kai-Fu. AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018. Publisher
Lelapa AI. "InkubaLM-0.4B." Hugging Face
Lelapa AI. "InkubaLM: A small language model for low-resource African languages." Medium
Lelapa AI. "Resource-Efficient Language AI." Website
Lemley, Mark A. and Bryan Casey. "Fair Learning." Texas Law Review 99, no. 4 (2021). SSRN
Yann LeCun Launches AMI Labs For Open-Source World Models — Let's Data Science
Levendowski, Amanda. "How Copyright Law Can Fix Artificial Intelligence's Implicit Bias Problem." Washington Law Review, 2018. Link
Lewis, Patrick, et al. "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks." NeurIPS, 2020. arXiv
Lhoest, Quentin et al. "Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processing." EMNLP, 2021. arXiv
Li, Pengfei et al. "Making AI Less Thirsty: Uncovering and Addressing the Secret Water Footprint of AI Models." arXiv, 2023. arXiv
Liang, Weixin et al. "GPT Detectors Are Biased Against Non-Native English Writers." Patterns 4, no. 7 (2023). Cell
Lightman, Hunter, et al. "Let's Verify Step by Step." arXiv, 2023. arXiv
llama.cpp. GitHub repository. GitHub
LM Studio. Official site. lmstudio.ai

M

Maffulli, Stefano. "The Open Source AI Definition is Out." Open Source Initiative Blog, October 2024. OSI Blog
Manyika, James, et al. "Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation." McKinsey Global Institute, 2017. McKinsey
Marchetti, Cesare. "Fifty-Year Pulsation in Human Affairs: Analysis of Some Physical Indicators." Futures 17, no. 3 (1986): 376–388.
Marcus, Gary. "Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal." 2018. arXiv
Masakhane. "Strengthening African NLP." Website
Mateescu, Alexandra, and Aiha Nguyen. "Explainer: Algorithmic Management in the Workplace." Data & Society, 2019. Data & Society
Mazzucato, Mariana & Gernone, Fausto. "Governments Must Shape AI's Future." Project Syndicate, March 2024. Project Syndicate
Mazzucato, Mariana. Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism. Allen Lane, 2021. Publisher
Mazzucato, Mariana. The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. Anthem Press, 2013. Publisher
McKinsey Global Institute. "The Economic Potential of Generative AI." 2023. McKinsey
Meta AI. Llama model documentation. llama.meta.com
Meta. "Llama 3 Acceptable Use Policy." 2024. AUP
Meta. "Llama 3 Community License Agreement." 2024. License
METR. "Measuring the Impact of AI Coding Assistants on Developer Productivity." 2024. METR
Microsoft. "2024 Environmental Sustainability Report." Microsoft, 2024. Microsoft
Miller, Chris. Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner, 2022. Publisher
Yann LeCun's new venture is a contrarian bet against large language models — MIT Technology Review
MIT Technology Review. "AI companies promised to self-regulate one year ago. What's changed?" July 2024. MIT Technology Review
MIT Technology Review. "OpenAI has upped its lobbying efforts nearly seven-fold." January 2025. MIT Technology Review
Mitchell, Margaret, Simone Wu, Andrew Zaldivar, Parker Barnes, Lucy Vasserman, Ben Hutchinson, Elena Spitzer, Inioluwa Deborah Raji, and Timnit Gebru. "Model Cards for Model Reporting." FAT, 2019. arXiv
Mitchell, Melanie. "Why AI is Harder Than We Think." 2021. arXiv
Model Context Protocol. "Specification." modelcontextprotocol.io
Mohamed, Shakir, Marie-Therese Png, and William Isaac. "Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence." Philosophy & Technology 33 (2020): 659-684. arXiv
Mokyr, Joel. The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press, 1990.
Mozilla. "Common Voice." commonvoice.mozilla.org
Mureithi, Carlos. "Kenyan Workers Sue Meta Over Alleged Exploitation." Rest of World, 2022. Link
'Say No to Suno' open letter takes aim at 'irresponsible AI' — Music Ally
Artist representatives launch 'Say No To Suno' campaign — Music Business Worldwide
Open Letter: Say No to Suno — Music Technology Policy

N

Narayanan, Arvind, and Sayash Kapoor. AI Snake Oil: What Artificial Intelligence Can Do, What It Can't, and How to Tell the Difference. Princeton University Press, 2024. Princeton
NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework — National Institute of Standards and Technology
Nvidia loses nearly $600 billion in market value after Chinese AI startup bursts onto scene — NBC News
Nekoto, Wilhelmina et al. "Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages." EMNLP 2020. Paper
New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection. "Automated Employment Decision Tools." 2023. NYC DCWP
NewsGuard. "Tracking AI-Enabled Misinformation." 2024. NewsGuard
Newton, Casey. "The Trauma Floor: The Secret Lives of Facebook Moderators in America." The Verge, 2019. Link
Nezhurina, Marianna, et al. "Alice in Wonderland: Simple Tasks Showing Complete Reasoning Breakdown in State-Of-the-Art Large Language Models." arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.02061, 2024. arXiv
NIST. "AI Risk Management Framework." 2023. NIST
Nordhaus, William. "Schumpeterian Profits in the American Economy: Theory and Measurement." NBER Working Paper, 2004. NBER
Nvidia Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2024 — Nvidia Investor Relations
Nye, David E. Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology. MIT Press, 1990. Publisher

O

Obermeyer, Ziad, et al. "Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations." Science, 2019. Science
OECD. "National AI Policies and Strategies." OECD.AI Policy Observatory, 2024. OECD.AI
OECD. "Talent for Innovation: International Mobility of STEM Students." OECD Publishing, 2023. OECD
Ollama. "Get up and running with large language models locally." Website
Ollama. Official documentation. ollama.ai
Open Interpreter. "Let language models run code on your computer." GitHub
Open Source Initiative. "The Open Source AI Definition — 1.0." October 2024. OSI
Open Source Initiative. "The Open Source Definition." 1999. OSI
OpenAI. "API Pricing." 2026. OpenAI
OpenAI. "Disrupting Malicious Uses of AI." October 2025. Report
OpenAI. "GPT-4 System Card." 2023. PDF
OpenAI. "GPT-4 Technical Report." 2023. arXiv
OpenAI. "How Your Data Is Used to Improve Model Performance." Help Center
OpenAI. "Rate Limits." 2026. OpenAI Platform
OpenAI. "Services Agreement." Effective January 1, 2026. OpenAI Policies
OpenAI. "Terms of Use." OpenAI Policies
OpenAI. "Usage Policies." OpenAI Policies
OpenSecrets. "Lobbying on AI reaches new heights in 2024." June 2024. OpenSecrets
OpenSecrets. "The AI-fication of K Street." February 2026. OpenSecrets
Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Cambridge
Ouyang, Long et al. "Training Language Models to Follow Instructions with Human Feedback." NeurIPS, 2022. arXiv

P

Partnership on AI. "Responsible Practices for Synthetic Media." 2024. PAI
Peng, Sida, Eirini Kalliamvakou, Peter Cihon, and Mert Demirer. "The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot." arXiv, 2023. arXiv
Perrigo, Billy. "OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic." TIME, January 18, 2023. TIME
Philippon, Thomas. The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets. Harvard University Press, 2019. Publisher
Piketty, Thomas. A Brief History of Equality. Harvard University Press, 2022. Publisher
Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press, 2014. Publisher
Pinecone. "Pinecone Raises $100M Series B." 2023. Pinecone Blog
Posner, Eric A. and E. Glen Weyl. Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society. Princeton University Press, 2018. Publisher
Prakash, Abishur. "The Geopolitics of Artificial Intelligence." Center for Innovating the Future, 2021. Website

Q

Qualcomm. "Snapdragon X Elite: On-Device AI." 2024. Qualcomm

R

Raji, Inioluwa Deborah et al. "The Fallacy of AI Functionality." FAccT, 2022. ACM
What DeepSeek Really Changes About AI Competition — RAND Corporation
Redress Compliance. "OpenAI Enterprise Procurement Negotiation Playbook." 2026. Redress Compliance
Republic of Korea. "Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024." May 2024. GOV.UK
The DeepSeek disruption: What it means for AI chip demand — Reuters
Reuters. "Nvidia's China Sales Hit by Tightened US Export Controls." Reuters, 2024. Reuters
Roberts, Sarah T. Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media. Yale University Press, 2019. Publisher
Rosenblat, Alex. Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work. University of California Press, 2018. Publisher

S

S&P Global. "S&P 500 Buybacks." 2023. S&P
SAG-AFTRA. "SAG-AFTRA Tentative Agreement Summary: Artificial Intelligence." November 2023. SAG-AFTRA
Sainz, Oscar et al. "NLP Evaluation in Trouble: On the Need to Measure LLM Data Contamination for Each Benchmark." Findings of EMNLP, 2023. ACL Anthology
Samuelson, Pamela. "Legally Speaking: The Dead Souls of the Google Book Search Settlement." Communications of the ACM, 2011. ACM
Scao, Teven Le et al. "BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model." arXiv, 2022. arXiv
Schelling, Thomas C. The Strategy of Conflict. Harvard University Press, 1960. Harvard
Schneider, Nathan. Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy. Nation Books, 2018. Publisher
Scholz, Trebor. Own This! How Platform Cooperatives Help Workers Build a Democratic Internet. Verso Books, 2023. Publisher
Schuett, Jonas et al. "Towards Best Practices in AGI Safety and Governance." 2023. arXiv
Schuhmann, Christoph et al. "LAION-5B: An Open Large-Scale Dataset for Training Next Generation Image-Text Models." NeurIPS, 2022. arXiv
Securities and Exchange Commission. "Rule 10b-18." 17 CFR 240.10b-18. SEC
Selbst, Andrew et al. "Fairness and Abstraction in Sociotechnical Systems." FAT, 2019. ACM
SemiAnalysis. "AI Datacenter GPU Market Share." 2024. SemiAnalysis
Shan, Shawn et al. "Glaze: Protecting Artists from Style Mimicry by Text-to-Image Models." University of Chicago, 2023. Glaze Project
Shapiro, Carl and Hal Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard Business Review Press, 1998. Publisher
Shumailov, Ilia, et al. "AI Models Collapse When Trained on Recursively Generated Data." Nature 631, 2024. Nature
Yann LeCun's AMI Labs raises $1bn in Europe's biggest seed round — Sifted
Singhal, Karan et al. "Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models." Nature, 2023. arXiv
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. 1776.
Snell, Charlie, et al. "Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters." arXiv, 2024. arXiv
Spolsky, Joel. "Strategy Letter V." Joel on Software, 2002. Blog
Springer. "AI safety and regulatory capture." AI & Society, 2025. Springer
Srnicek, Nick. Platform Capitalism. Polity Press, 2017. Polity
Stanford CRFM. "Anthropic Transparency Report." December 2025. Report
Stanford CRFM. "Anthropic: Claude 3 Transparency Report." May 2024. Report
Stanford CRFM. "Foundation Model Transparency Index." December 2025. FMTI
Stanford CRFM. "Google: Gemini 2.5 Pro Transparency Report." December 2025. Report
Taking Stock of the DeepSeek Shock — Stanford FSI
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI. "AI Index Report 2025." Stanford University, 2025. HAI
State of California. "Assembly Bill 5 (AB5)." 2019. California Legislature
State of California. "Proposition 22." 2020. Official Voter Information Guide
Stigler, George J. "The Theory of Economic Regulation." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2, no. 1 (1971): 3–21.
Stigler, George. "The Theory of Economic Regulation." Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 1971. JSTOR
Strategic Organizing Center. "The Injury Machine: How Amazon's Production System Hurts Workers." 2023. SOC
Sullivan, Jake. "Remarks on the Biden-Harris Administration's National Security Strategy." Special Competitive Studies Project, September 2022. White House
Suresh, Harini et al. "Towards Intersectional Feminist and Participatory ML: A Case Study in Supporting Wage Theft Advocacy." ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 2022. ACM

T

Tarkowski, Alek, Osborne, Cailean & Sieker, Felix. "Public AI." Bertelsmann Stiftung / Open Future, 2025. PDF
Yann LeCun's AMI Labs raises $1.03B to build world models — TechCrunch
TechCrunch. "AI companies upped their federal lobbying spend in 2024 amid regulatory uncertainty." January 2025. TechCrunch
Thaler v. Perlmutter, No. 1:22-cv-01564 (D.D.C. Aug. 18, 2023). Court Opinion
The Intercept. "OpenAI Quietly Deletes Ban on Using ChatGPT for 'Military and Warfare'." January 12, 2024. Article
The Nobel Prize. "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2024." Nobel Prize, October 2024. NobelPrize.org
The White House. "Executive Order on Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence." January 20, 2025. White House
The White House. "Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence." October 30, 2023. Federal Register
TIME. "Tech Giants Are Vastly Outspending Newcomers on AI Lobbying." May 2024. TIME
Tony Blair Institute. "Sovereignty in the Age of AI: Strategic Choices, Structural Dependencies." 2025. TBI
TUC. "Artificial Intelligence in the Workplace." 2021. TUC
TUC. "Technology Managing People: The Worker Experience." 2020. TUC
TV News Check. "OpenAI, Google & Anthropic All Just Quietly Backtracked User Privacy Settings." August 2025. Article

U

U.S. Department of Justice. "Justice Department Sues Google for Monopolizing Digital Advertising Technologies." 2023. DOJ
Uber BV v. Aslam [2021] UKSC 5. UK Supreme Court
UK Government. "The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit." November 2023. GOV.UK
United States v. Google LLC, No. 1:20-cv-03010-APM (D.D.C. 2024). DOJ
US Copyright Office. "Copyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence." Federal Register 88, no. 51 (March 16, 2023). Federal Register
US Copyright Office. "Zarya of the Dawn (Registration # VAu001480196)." Letter to Van Lindberg, February 21, 2023. Copyright.gov

V

Vallas, Steven P. and Juliet B. Schor. "What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy." Annual Review of Sociology 46 (2020). Annual Reviews
Vaswani, Ashish, et al. "Attention Is All You Need." NeurIPS, 2017. arXiv
Veale, Michael & Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik. "Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act." Computer Law Review International, 2021. arXiv
Villalobos, Pablo et al. "Will We Run Out of Data? Limits of LLM Scaling Based on Human-Generated Data." Epoch AI, 2022. arXiv
Vincent, James. "Getty Images sues AI art generator Stable Diffusion in the US for copyright infringement." The Verge, February 6, 2023. The Verge
Vincent, James. "Getty Images sues Stability AI for copyright infringement." The Verge, January 17, 2023. The Verge
Vipra, Jai & Korinek, Anton. "Market Concentration Implications of Foundation Models: The Invisible Hand of ChatGPT." Brookings, 2023. Brookings

W

Waldman, Ari Ezra. Industry Unbound: The Inside Story of Privacy, Data, and Corporate Power. Cambridge University Press, 2021. Publisher
Wan, Alexander et al. "The 2025 Foundation Model Transparency Index." Stanford CRFM, December 2025. Paper
WebLLM. "Protocol Documentation." webllm.org
Wei, Jason, et al. "Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models." NeurIPS, 2022. arXiv
White House. "Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence." 2023. White House
Whittaker, Meredith et al. "AI Now 2019 Report." AI Now Institute, 2019. AI Now
Whittaker, Meredith. "The Steep Cost of Capture." Interactions 28, no. 6 (2021): 50–55. ACM
Widder, David Gray, Sarah West, and Meredith Whittaker. "Open (For Business): Big Tech, Concentrated Power, and the Political Economy of Open AI." Social Science Research Network, August 2023. SSRN
Winner, Langdon. "Do Artifacts Have Politics?" Daedalus 109, no. 1 (1980): 121-136. JSTOR
Nvidia's CUDA moat is the real competitive advantage — Wired
Wolf, Thomas et al. "Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing." EMNLP 2020. Paper
Wu, Tim. The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads. Knopf, 2016. Penguin
Wu, Tim. The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age. Columbia Global Reports, 2018. Publisher

Y

DeepSeek Slashes AI Pricing by 75%, Pressuring OpenAI and Google to Compete — Yahoo Finance

Z

Zheng, Lianmin et al. "Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena." NeurIPS, 2023. arXiv
Zhou, Chunting et al. "LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment." NeurIPS, 2023. arXiv
Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. PublicAffairs, 2019. Publisher

← Back to all articles