#n2
〜に基づいて — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + に基づいて (predicate position: used before a verb) Noun + に基づく + Noun (attributive: modifies the following noun) Noun + に基づいた + Noun (attributive, past-tense form; slightly more natural in running text) Noun + に基づき (formal/written abbreviation) The noun before に基づいて is the foundation, standard, evidence, or authority on which the following action or judgment rests. Formality Formal . に基づいて is the formal register word for "based on."...
〜に違いない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-plain form + に違いない い-adj-plain + に違いない な-adj + に違いない (drop だ before に違いない) Noun + に違いない (drop だ before に違いない) The clause before に違いない is the speaker's conclusion or inference. The pattern applies to all tenses: 〜したに違いない (must have done), 〜するに違いない (must do / will certainly). Formality Neutral . に違いない is used naturally across all registers — casual conversation, formal writing, news articles, and academic texts. It is...
〜はもとより — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun A + はもとより、Noun B も + [verb/predicate] Noun A + はもとより、Noun B さえ + [verb/predicate] (even more emphatic) Both A and B share the same predicate. A is the expected or obvious item; B is the additional, often more surprising or extended item. Formality Formal / Written . はもとより is most common in formal written Japanese — essays, formal speeches, business writing, and news articles. In casual speech,...
〜のもとで / 〜のもとに — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜のもとで / 〜のもとに (no moto de / no moto ni) Structure Noun + のもとで (under X, doing something) Noun + のもとに (under X, as basis/condition — slightly more formal/literary) Formality Level Formal — used in legal texts, official policy documents, academic contexts. 〜のもとに is slightly more literary. Meaning "Under X," "under the conditions/authority/supervision of X." Expresses that an action takes place within an established framework, under authority, supervision, or...
〜うる / 〜える — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜うる / 〜える / 〜得る (uru / eru / uri-uru) Also written: 〜得る (kanji form, read うる or える) Structure Verb (masu-stem) + うる / える Common form: 起こり得る (okori-uru), 考え得る (kangae-uru), あり得る (ari-uru/ari-eru) Negative: 〜得ない / あり得ない (cannot possibly) Special case: ある → あり得る (arieri) = "can possibly exist/happen" Formality Level Formal/literary — primarily written Japanese. Common in academic papers, legal documents, policy writing, official announcements. 〜うる is...
JLPT N2 Lesson 8: Stance and Perspective
Overview Sophisticated argument and analysis require the ability to anchor a statement to a specific standpoint and to signal when reality diverges from expectation. In Japanese formal writing and professional communication, this is achieved through a family of stance-and-perspective patterns. These patterns allow the writer to say: "from the standpoint of X," "given X, Y is surprisingly different from what one would expect," and "the outcome depends entirely on X."...
〜てたまらない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-て form + たまらない い-adj (く form) + てたまらない な-adj (で form) + たまらない The verb or adjective describes a feeling, sensation, or desire that has become unbearable or overwhelming. The subject is typically the speaker. Formality Neutral to Conversational . てたまらない is more conversational and immediate than てならない. It is used in everyday speech, informal writing, and casual essays. In formal writing, てならない would be preferred for emotions,...
〜てからというもの — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜てからというもの (te kara to iu mono) Structure Verb (て-form) + からというもの Always describes a sustained, ongoing state that began after the trigger event The following clause typically uses a continuous form (〜ている, 〜になった, 〜てきた) Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese. The literary quality makes it particularly common in essays, memoirs, biographical writing, and formal personal statements. Can appear in business contexts when...
〜からすると / 〜からすれば / 〜からみると — JLPT N2 Grammar
Patterns 〜からすると / 〜からすれば / 〜からみると / 〜からみれば (kara suru to / kara sureba / kara miru to / kara mireba) Structure Noun + からすると / からすれば / からみると / からみれば The noun is a perspective, standpoint, evidence, or person whose viewpoint is being used to make a judgment Formality Level Formal to neutral — used in analytical writing, academic papers, business analysis, editorial writing. Also appears in formal spoken...
〜にかかわらず — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜にかかわらず (ni kakawarazu) Structure Noun + にかかわらず Verb (plain form affirmative/negative pair) + にかかわらず (whether X or not) I-adjective pair (〜か〜かに) + かかわらず Question word + かに + かかわらず (regardless of what/who/how) Formality Level Formal — primarily written Japanese. Common in legal documents, contracts, official notices, and academic writing. Meaning "Regardless of X," "irrespective of X," "whether X or not." Expresses that the following statement or condition applies universally,...
〜はおろか — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜はおろか (wa oroka) Structure Noun A + はおろか + Noun B + も/さえ/すら + [negative or extreme predicate] Noun A + はおろか + Noun B + も/さえ + [positive extreme predicate] (positive direction less common) The predicate typically applies to BOTH A and B, but the focus is that B (which should be easier or more basic) is also impossible or true. Formality Level Formal/written — literary and journalistic...
〜に加えて — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + に加えて Noun + に加え (formal/written variant) Noun + に加えた + Noun (attributive: "a Noun that was added to ~") The noun before に加えて is the base or primary thing to which something is being added. Formality Standard to Formal . に加えて is natural in both formal writing and spoken Japanese. The abbreviated form に加え is more common in written texts such as reports, news articles, and official...
JLPT N2 Lesson 9: Newspaper and Academic Reading
Overview The JLPT N2 reading section tests your ability to extract meaning from dense, formal Japanese text under time pressure. Unlike N3, where the texts are relatively straightforward, N2 passages use passive voice hedging, nominalization, formal conjunctions, and academic distancing devices extensively. A reader who tries to parse every word will run out of time; a reader who cannot identify the key structural markers will misunderstand the author's stance. This...
〜をはじめとして / 〜をはじめとする — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜をはじめとして / 〜をはじめとする / 〜をはじめ (o hajimete to shite / o hajimete to suru / o hajime) Structure Noun A + をはじめとして + Noun B, Noun C (verbal use, introducing others after A) Noun A + をはじめとする + Noun (group) (attributive — modifying a collective noun) Noun A + をはじめ (shortened, more colloquial) Formality Level Formal — used in written Japanese, official speeches, academic texts, and business presentations. 〜をはじめ...
〜に伴い / 〜に伴って — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜に伴い / 〜に伴って (ni tomonai / ni tomonatte) Structure Noun + に伴い / に伴って (followed by verb or clause) Verb (dictionary form) + に伴い / に伴って Noun + に伴う + Noun (attributive) Formality Level Formal — used in academic writing, government reports, news articles, business analysis. 〜に伴い is slightly more formal than 〜に伴って. Meaning "Along with X," "accompanying X," "as X occurs/progresses, Y simultaneously changes." Expresses a causal or...
〜をはじめ — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun A + をはじめ、Noun B も / や / など + [verb/predicate] Noun A + をはじめとして + [broader group description] Noun A + をはじめとする + Noun (attributive: modifies the following noun) Noun A + をはじめとした + Noun (attributive, past-tense form) Noun A is the most representative or prominent example of a larger group. What follows (Noun B, or the broader description) expands on this group. Formality Standard to Formal...
〜というより — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern [Description A] + というより、[Description B] + だ/の方が正確だ Noun + というより、Noun + だ V-plain + というより、V-plain / adj-plain + [description] Description A is the initial or obvious characterization. Description B (after というより) is the more accurate, more precise, or more fitting description that the speaker prefers. Formality Neutral . というより is used naturally in both spoken and written Japanese. It is common in casual conversation, essays, literary commentary, and everyday...
〜ずにはいられない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜ずにはいられない / 〜ずにはいられません (zu ni wa irarenai) Structure Verb (negative stem/ず-form) + にはいられない Formation: Take the verb ない-form, replace ない with ず → add にはいられない 泣く → 泣か(ない) → 泣かず + にはいられない → 泣かずにはいられない 笑う → 笑わ(ない) → 笑わず + にはいられない → 笑わずにはいられない Irregular: する → せ + ずにはいられない → せずにはいられない Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese. The literary/poetic quality makes it...
〜といっても — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + といっても、[qualification] V-plain / Adj-plain + といっても、[qualification] Na-adj + だといっても / といっても、[qualification] The element before といっても is a statement, description, or label. What follows is a qualification or correction that prevents the listener from overinterpreting it. Formality Neutral . といっても is used naturally in both casual conversation and formal writing. It is common in essays, explanations, and everyday spoken Japanese where the speaker wants to manage the listener's...
〜を通じて — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + を通じて (predicate position) Noun + を通じた + Noun (attributive: "a Noun achieved through/throughout ~") Noun + を通して (alternative form; same meaning, slightly more conversational) The noun before を通じて is either (1) the medium or channel through which something happens, or (2) a period of time throughout which something continues. Formality Standard to Formal . を通じて is used across registers — formal essays, business communication, news articles, and...
〜をめぐって / 〜をめぐる — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜をめぐって / 〜をめぐる (o megutte / o meguru) Structure Noun + をめぐって (followed by verb — verbal use) Noun + をめぐる + Noun (attributive — modifying a noun) Formality Level Formal — primarily used in news reporting, academic writing, political discourse. Common in newspaper headlines and editorial writing. Meaning "Surrounding X," "concerning X," "over X" — used for topics that are disputed, controversial, or under active debate . The...
〜のみならず — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜のみならず (nomi narazu) Structure Noun + のみならず Verb (plain form) + のみならず I-adjective (plain form) + のみならず Na-adjective + である + のみならず (formal) Formality Level Highly formal — primarily written Japanese. Academic papers, official reports, government announcements, newspaper editorials. The spoken/informal equivalent is 〜だけでなく. Meaning "Not only X, but also Y." Expands the scope of a statement beyond what was initially stated, adding Y as an additional scope. The...
〜につれて — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-dictionary form + につれて Noun + につれて 〜につれ (formal/written abbreviation) The verb or noun before につれて describes a gradual change or progression. The main clause describes a corresponding change that occurs in parallel. Formality Standard to Formal . につれて is used in both formal writing and conversation, though it sounds slightly literary. It is commonly found in essays, journalism, and formal speech. In very casual registers, 〜にしたがって or 〜ていくと...
〜に際して — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + に際して V-dictionary form + に際して Noun + に際し (more formal / written variant) Noun + に際しての + Noun (attributive: "~ at the time of Noun") The noun or verb before に際して refers to a significant event, occasion, or action — typically an important transition, formal procedure, or meaningful moment. Formality Formal . に際して is found in formal speeches, official announcements, written guidelines, and ceremonial language. It is...
〜とは限らない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜とは限らない / 〜とは限りません (to wa kagiranai / to wa kagirimasen) Structure Verb (plain form) + とは限らない I-adjective (plain form) + とは限らない Na-adjective + だ/である + とは限らない Noun + だ/である + とは限らない Often preceded by 必ずしも (not necessarily) for emphasis Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese. Common in academic argumentation, editorial writing, logical reasoning. Meaning "Is not necessarily X," "is not always X,"...
〜わけではない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜わけではない / 〜わけではありません (wake de wa nai / wake de wa arimasen) Structure Verb (plain form) + わけではない I-adjective (plain form) + わけではない Na-adjective + な + わけではない Noun + という + わけではない Noun + な + わけではない (less common) Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese. The formal written version is 〜わけではない; spoken uses 〜わけじゃない. Meaning "It's not that X," "it doesn't...
JLPT N2 Lesson 1: Written Japanese vs Spoken
Overview Transitioning from N3 to N2 requires a fundamental shift in how you perceive Japanese style. While N3 focuses on general communication, N2 demands the ability to distinguish between kōgotai (spoken style) and buntai (written style). Understanding these differences is essential for reading newspaper editorials, academic reports, and professional correspondence, as well as for passing the JLPT reading and listening sections. In this lesson, we will explore the structural differences...
〜てならない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-て form + ならない い-adj (く form) + てならない な-adj (で form) + ならない The verb or adjective before てならない describes an emotion, desire, or sensation that arises spontaneously and overwhelmingly. The subject of this emotion is typically the speaker (first person). Formality Formal / Slightly Written . てならない carries a somewhat literary or formal nuance. It is more elevated than てたまらない (which is more conversational) and てしかたがない (which...
〜だけあって / 〜だけに — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜だけあって / 〜だけに (dake atte / dake ni) Structure Noun + だけあって / だけに Verb (plain form) + だけあって / だけに I-adjective + だけあって / だけに Na-adjective + な + だけあって / だけに Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese. More common in formal writing and reviews. Meanings 〜だけあって: "As befitting X," "as one would expect given X." The outcome is positive and...
JLPT N2 Lesson 4: Nuanced Negation
Overview In the N2 level, effective communication moves beyond simple "yes" or "no" answers. To navigate professional and social environments in Japan, learners must master "nuanced negation"—the ability to soften a refusal, express a reluctant obligation, or clarify that a statement is not an absolute truth. This lesson focuses on the linguistic tools required to express these subtleties, which are essential for maintaining wa (harmony) in Japanese society. By mastering...
JLPT N2 Lesson 3: Formal Conjunction Mastery II
Overview In the JLPT N2 curriculum, the ability to navigate formal, written Japanese is paramount. This lesson focuses on four essential grammatical structures used frequently in news reports, business proposals, and academic writing. These patterns allow you to express complex relationships—such as cause-and-effect, inclusion, and indifference—with the precision required in professional Japanese environments. Building upon your N3 knowledge of basic conjunctions, this lesson elevates your proficiency by introducing structures that...
〜にあたって / 〜に当たり — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜にあたって / 〜に当たり / 〜に当たって (ni atatte / ni atari) Structure Verb (dictionary form) + にあたって / に当たり Noun + にあたって / に当たり 〜に当たり is the more formal written variant Formality Level Highly formal — ceremonial speeches, official company announcements, prefaces to official documents, opening addresses. 〜に当たり is slightly more formal/condensed than 〜にあたって. Meaning "On the occasion of X," "in approaching X," "at this significant moment of X." Marks...
JLPT N2 Lesson 10: N2 Capstone — Mock Exam and Review
Overview This capstone lesson consolidates the entire N2 curriculum through a full-format mock exam session. Unlike review lessons that revisit grammar explanations, this lesson is structured like the actual JLPT N2 examination: you will read an authentic-style passage, answer comprehension questions, complete grammar substitution questions in 4-option format, and identify errors in constructed sentences. The goal is to develop the integrated skill of real-time grammar judgment under exam conditions. The...
〜次第で / 〜次第だ / 〜次第 — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜次第で / 〜次第だ (conditional: depending on) 〜次第 (temporal: as soon as) Structure Meaning A — Depending on (conditionality): Noun + 次第で / 次第では / 次第だ The noun is the variable that determines the outcome Meaning B — As soon as (temporal sequence): Verb (masu-stem) + 次第 The verb describes the action whose completion triggers the next action Formality Level Formal — common in business correspondence, official notices, and formal...
JLPT N2 Lesson 2: Formal Conjunction Mastery I
Overview In the JLPT N2 curriculum, shifting from casual to formal communication is essential. This lesson focuses on four critical conjunction patterns used to describe the foundation or standard upon which an action is taken. These structures— ni motodzuku , ni shitagau , ni sou , and o moto ni —are staples in business reports, legal documents, and formal presentations. By mastering these, you will move beyond basic "because" (...
〜に先立って — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + に先立って V-dictionary form + に先立って Noun + に先立ち (formal/written variant) Noun + に先立つ + Noun (attributive: "a Noun that precedes ~") The noun or verb before に先立って is the main or significant event that has not yet taken place — the action in the main clause comes before it. Formality Formal . に先立って is used in official speeches, announcements, ceremonial language, and formal written Japanese. It is...
〜に従い / 〜に従って — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜に従い / 〜に従って (ni shitagai / ni shitagatte) Structure Noun + に従い / に従って (compliance meaning) Verb (dictionary form) + に従い / に従って (compliance meaning) Noun + に従い / に従って (gradual change meaning — with change verbs) Formality Level Formal — common in legal texts, manuals, official instructions, business correspondence. 〜に従い is slightly more formal than 〜に従って. Meanings Meaning A — Compliance/Following (the main use): "In accordance with X,"...
〜ざるを得ない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-negative stem (ざる) + を得ない Formation rules: Group 1 verbs (u-verbs): replace the final u with a-row kana, then add ざるを得ない. E.g., 行く → 行か + ざるを得ない = 行かざるを得ない Group 2 verbs (ru-verbs): remove る, then add ざるを得ない. E.g., 食べる → 食べ + ざるを得ない = 食べざるを得ない Irregular verb する: becomes せざるを得ない (NOT しざるを得ない) Irregular verb くる: becomes こざるを得ない The ざる is the classical Japanese negative auxiliary (equivalent to modern...
〜べく / 〜べきだ / 〜べきではない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Patterns 〜べく (formal purpose: "in order to") 〜べきだ / 〜べき (should/ought to — moral/logical obligation) 〜べきではない (should not) Structure 〜べく: Verb (dictionary form) + べく Irregular: する → すべく (more formal/literary) or するべく (modern) 〜べきだ: Verb (dictionary form) + べきだ / べきである (formal) Irregular: する → すべきだ or するべきだ Formality Level 〜べく: Highly formal/literary — legal documents, old-fashioned formal writing, historical texts, official speeches. 〜べきだ: Formal — editorial writing, academic...
〜だけでなく — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + だけでなく、~ も + [verb/predicate] V-plain / Adj-plain + だけでなく、~ も + [verb/predicate] Noun + だけでなく(て) + [verb/predicate] (te-form variant) The element after だけでなく (marked with も) is the additional item beyond the first. Both items share the same predicate. Formality Neutral — usable in both casual and formal contexts . だけでなく is the most versatile of the "not only ~ but also" patterns. It appears in casual...
〜てしかたがない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern V-て form + しかたがない / しょうがない い-adj (く form) + てしかたがない / てしょうがない な-adj (で form) + しかたがない / しょうがない The verb or adjective describes a feeling, sensation, or state that cannot be suppressed or helped. The subject is typically the speaker. Formality Neutral to Conversational . てしかたがない is the standard form; てしょうがない is the contracted, more casual form. Both are used in everyday speech and informal writing. てしかたがない...
〜わけにはいかない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜わけにはいかない / 〜わけにはいきません (wake ni wa ikanai) Also: 〜ないわけにはいかない (double negative form) Structure Verb (plain form) + わけにはいかない (cannot do — social/moral prohibition) Verb (ない-form) + わけにはいかない (cannot NOT do — double negative obligation) Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in both spoken and written Japanese, though more commonly in spoken formal situations, novels, and essays. Meaning 〜わけにはいかない: "Cannot do X," "it won't do to do X," "I...
〜にもかかわらず — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜にもかかわらず (ni mo kakawarazu) Structure Noun + にもかかわらず Verb (plain form) + にもかかわらず I-adjective (plain form) + にもかかわらず Na-adjective + である + にもかかわらず (formal) Na-adjective + な + にもかかわらず (slightly less formal) Formality Level Formal — written Japanese, news, academic, legal contexts. The spoken equivalent is 〜のに (more informal and emotionally charged). Meaning "Despite X," "in spite of X," "even though X." Expresses a contrastive, unexpected result — X...
〜に反して — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + に反して Noun + に反した + Noun (attributive form) Noun + に反し (more formal / written variant) The noun before に反して typically refers to an expectation, wish, prediction, rule, order, or agreement — something that has been violated or gone against. Formality Formal / Written . This pattern appears frequently in newspapers, formal essays, and official statements. It can be used in formal speech, but sounds stiff in...
〜をもとに / 〜をもとにして — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜をもとに / 〜をもとにして (o moto ni / o moto ni shite) Structure Noun + をもとに (followed by verb) Noun + をもとにして (followed by verb — slightly more emphatic) Noun + をもとにした + Noun (attributive) Formality Level Formal to neutral — used in academic, business, creative, and analytical contexts. Common in both written and spoken formal Japanese. Meaning "Based on X," "using X as a basis," "drawing from X." Expresses...
〜ざるを得ない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜ざるを得ない / 〜ざるを得ません (zaru o enai) Structure Verb (negative stem, ない-form without ない) + ざるを得ない Irregular: する → せざるを得ない (NOT しざるを得ない) ある → あらざるを得ない (rare/literary) Formation: Take the verb negative (ない) form, remove ない → add ざるを得ない 行く → 行か(ない) → 行かざるを得ない 認める → 認め(ない) → 認めざるを得ない する → せ(ざる) → せざるを得ない Formality Level Formal — primarily written Japanese, formal speech. Common in business, academic, and official contexts. The...
〜かねる / 〜かねない — JLPT N2 Grammar
Patterns 〜かねる (kaneru) — polite inability/reluctance 〜かねない (kanenai) — risk/negative possibility Structure 〜かねる: Verb (masu-stem) + かねる / かねます 〜かねない: Verb (masu-stem) + かねない Formality Level Both: Formal — used in business correspondence, official statements, professional contexts. かねる: Standard formula for polite refusals in formal letters/email かねない: Written and spoken formal/business Japanese CRITICAL DISTINCTION These two patterns look almost identical but have opposite-direction meanings: Pattern Meaning Direction Speaker's role 〜かねる...
〜たところ — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜たところ (ta tokoro) Structure Verb (た-form/past) + ところ Typically followed by a discovery verb: 分かった, 判明した, 見つかった, あった, なかった, etc. Formality Level Neutral to formal — used in business reports, investigation summaries, academic writing, and formal correspondence. Also natural in spoken formal Japanese. Meaning "Upon doing X, [I discovered/found that] Y." Expresses that after completing an action, the speaker encountered or discovered an unexpected or noteworthy result. The key...
JLPT N2 Lesson 7: Time and Occasion Patterns
Overview In formal Japanese — official ceremonies, business announcements, academic presentations, and official correspondence — the precise timing and occasion of an action must be expressed with specific grammatical patterns. These patterns do more than indicate when something happened; they signal the formality of the occasion, the speaker's attitude toward the event, and whether the action is preparatory, consequential, or marking a significant boundary in time. Choosing the wrong pattern...
〜さえ〜ば — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + さえ + V-conditional (ば/ければ) — "if only [noun], then ~" V-masu stem + さえ + すれば — "if only [you] do ~, then ~" い-adj stem + くさえあれば — "if only it is ~, then ~" The ば-form (conditional) is the standard partner for さえ. The key forms: Verb: V-masu stem + さえすれば (do even just this → then ~) Noun: Noun + さえあれば (if only [noun]...
〜に沿って / 〜に沿った — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜に沿って / 〜に沿った (ni sotte / ni sotta) Structure Noun + に沿って (followed by verb) Noun + に沿った + Noun (attributive — modifying a noun) Formality Level Formal to neutral — used in business planning, policy documents, academic discourse. Also used in everyday formal speech. Meaning "In line with X," "along X," "following the course of X." Expresses that an action proceeds consistently with a pre-defined direction, plan, policy,...
〜こそ / 〜だからこそ — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern 〜こそ / 〜だからこそ / 〜てこそ (koso / da kara koso / te koso) Structure Noun + こそ (emphatic focus on noun) Verb (て-form) + こそ (only by doing X can Y be achieved) 〜だからこそ (precisely because of this/that reason) 〜からこそ (precisely because — attaches to various forms) Formality Level All registers — こそ appears in casual speech, formal writing, official speeches. More emphatic uses tend toward formal/written. Meaning 〜こそ:...
〜ばかりか — JLPT N2 Grammar
Pattern Noun + ばかりか、~ も / さえ / まで + [verb/predicate] V-plain / Adj-plain + ばかりか、~ も / さえ / まで + [verb/predicate] The element after ばかりか (introduced with も, さえ, or まで) is the surprising or more extreme additional item. The predicate applies to both items. Formality Neutral to Formal . ばかりか is used in both written and spoken Japanese. It is more emphatic than だけでなく and tends to...