HVAC FORMULAS
TON OF REFRIGERATION - The amount of heat r equi r ed t o mel t
a t on ( 2000 l bs. ) of i ce at 32F
288, 000 BTU/ 24 hr .
12, 000 BTU/ hr .
APPROXI MATELY 2 i nches i n Hg. ( mer cur y) = 1 psi
WORK = For ce ( ener gy exer t ed) X Di st ance
Exampl e: A 150 l b. man cl i mbs a f l i ght of st ai r s 100 f t .
hi gh
Wor k = 150 l b. X 100 f t .
Wor k = 15, 000 f t . - l b.
ONE HORSEPOWER = 33, 000 f t . - l b. of wor k i n 1 mi nut e
ONE HORSEPOWER = 746 Wat t s
CONVERTING KW to BTU:
1 KW= 3413 BTU s
Exampl e: A 20 KWheat er ( 20 KWX 3413 BTU/ KW= 68, 260 BTU s
CONVERTING BTU to KW:
3413 BTU s = 1 KW
Exampl e: A 100, 000 BTU/ hr . oi l or gas f ur nace
( 100, 000 3413 = 29. 3 KW)
COULOMB = 6. 24 X 10
18
( 1 Coul omb = 1 Amp)
E = vol t age ( emf )
I = Amper age ( cur r ent )
R = Resi st ance ( l oad)
WATTS ( POWER) = vol t s x amps or P = E x I
P( i n KW) = E x I
1, 000
U FACTOR = r eci pr ocal of R f act or
Exampl e:
1 R = . 05U
19
= BTU s t r ansf er r ed / 1 Sq. Ft . / 1F / 1 Hour
VA ( how t he secondar y of a t r ansf or mer i s r at ed) = vol t s X amps
Exampl e: 24V x . 41A = 10 VA
ONE FARAD CAPACITY = 1 amp. st or ed under 1 vol t of pr essur e
MFD ( mi cr of ar ad) = 1 Far ad
1, 000, 000
LRA ( Locked r ot or amps) = FLA ( Ful l Load Amps)
5
LRA = FLA x 5
TXV ( shown i n equi l i br i um)
46. 7 Bul b Pr essur e
_______________
Spr i ng
Pr essur e 9. 7 37 Evapor at or Pr essur e
Bul b Pr essur e = openi ng f or ce
Spr i ng and Evapor at or Pr essur es = cl osi ng f or ces
RPM of motor = 60Hz x 120_
No. of Pol es
1800 RPM Mot or sl i ppage makes i t about 1750
3600 RPM Mot or sl i ppage makes i t about 3450
DRY AIR = 78. 0%Ni t r ogen
21. 0%Oxygen
1. 0%Ot her Gases
WET AIR = Same as dr y ai r pl us wat er vapor
SPECIFIC DENSITY = 1_______
Speci f i c Vol ume
SPECIFIC DENSITY OF AIR = __1__ = . 075 l bs. / cu. f t .
13. 33
STANDARD AIR = . 24 Speci f i c Heat ( BTU s needed
t o r ai se 1 l b. 1 degr ee)
SENSIBLE HEAT FORMULA ( Fur naces) :
BTU/ hr . Speci f i c Heat X Speci f i c Densi t y X 60 mi n. / hr . =
X CFM X T
. 24 X . 075 X 60 X CFM X T = 1. 08 X CFM X T
ENTHALPHY = Sensi bl e heat and Lat ent heat
TOTAL HEAT FORMULA
( f or cool i ng, humi di f yi ng or dehumi di f yi ng)
BTU/ hr . = Speci f i c Densi t y X 60 mi n. / hr . X CFM X H
= 0. 75 x 60 x CFM x H
= 4. 5 x CFM x H
RELATIVE HUMIDITY = __Moi st ur e pr esent ___
Moi st ur e ai r can hol d
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY = gr ai ns of moi st ur e per dr y ai r
7000 GRAI NS i n 1 l b. of wat er
DEW POINT = when wet bul b equal s dr y bul b
TOTAL PRESSURE ( Duct wor k) = St at i c Pr essur e pl us
Vel oci t y Pr essur e
CFM = Ar ea ( sq. f t . ) X Vel oci t y ( f t . mi n. )
HOW TO CALCULATE AREA
Rect angul ar Duct Round Duct
A = L x W A = D
2
__ OR r
2
4
RETURN AIR GRILLES Net f r ee ar ea = about 75%
3 PHASE VOLTAGE UNBALANCE =
100 x maxi mumdeg. f r omaver age vol t s
Aver age Vol t s
NET OIL PRESSURE = Gr oss Oi l Pr essur e Suct i on Pr essur e
COMPRESSION RATIO = Di schar ge Pr essur e Absol ut e
Suct i on Pr essur e Absol ut e
HEAT PUMP AUXILIARY HEAT si zed at 100%of l oad
ARI HEAT PUMP RATING POINTS (SEER Ratings) 47 17
NON-BLEND REFRIGERANTS:
Const ant Pr essur e = Const ant Temper at ur e dur i ng
Sat ur at ed Condi t i on
BLENDS Ri si ng Temper at ur e dur i ng Sat ur at ed Condi t i on
28 INCHES OF WC = 1 psi
NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION:
Excess Ai r = 50%
15 f t .
3
of ai r t o bur n 1 f t .
3
of met hane pr oduces:
16 f t .
3
of f l ue gases:
1 f t .
3
of oxygen
12 f t .
3
of ni t r ogen
1 f t .
3
of car bon di oxi de
2 f t .
3
of wat er vapor
Anot her 15 f t .
3
of ai r i s added at t he dr af t hood
GAS PIPING ( Si zi ng CF/ hr . ) = I nput BTU s
Heat i ng Val ue
Exampl e: ___ 80, 000 I nput BTU s____________
1000 ( Heat i ng Val ue per CF of Nat ur al Gas)
= 80 CF/ hr .
Exampl e: _________ 80, 000 I nput BTU s_________
2550 ( Heat i ng Val ue per CF of Pr opane)
= 31 CF/ hr .
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS Pr opane But ane_ Nat ur al Gas
2. 4- 9. 5 1. 9- 8. 5 4- 14
COMBUSTION AIR NEEDED Pr opane Nat ur al Gas
( PC=Per f ect Combust i on) 23. 5 f t .
3
( PC) 10 f t .
3
( PC)
( RC=Real Combust i on) 36 f t .
3
( RC) 15 f t .
3
( RC)
ULTIMATE CO
2
13. 7% 11. 8%
CALCULATING OIL NOZZLE SIZE (GPH):
_BTU I nput ___ = Nozzl e Si ze ( GPH)
140, 000 BTU s
OR
_______ BTU Out put ___________
140, 000 X Ef f i ci ency of Fur nace
FURNACE EFFICIENCY:
%Ef f i ci ency = ener gy out put
ener gy i nput
OIL BURNER STACK TEMPERATURE (Net) = Hi ghest St ack
Temper at ur e mi nus
RoomTemper at ur e
Exampl e: 520 St ack Temp. 70 RoomTemp. = Net St ack
Temper at ur e of 450
KELVIN TO CELSIUS: C = K 273
CELSIUS TO KELVIN: K = C + 273
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE MEASURED IN KELVINS
SINE = si de opposi t e COSINE = si de adj acent
si n hypot enuse cos hypot enuse
TANGENT = si de opposi t e
t an si de adj acent
PERIMETER OF SQUARE: P = 4s P = Per i met er
s = si de
PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE: P = 2l + 2w P Per i met er
l = l engt h
w = wi dt h
PERIMETER OF TRIANGLE: P = a + b + c P = Per i met er
a = 1st si de
b = 2nd si de
c = 3r d si de
PERIMETER OF CIRCLE: C = D C = Ci r cumf er ence
C = 2r = 3. 1416
D = Di amet er
r = r adi us
AREA OF SQUARE: a = s
2
A = Ar ea
s = si de
AREA OF RECTANGLE: A = l w A = Ar ea
l = l engt h
w = wi dt h
AREA OF TRIANGLE: A = 1/ 2bh A = Ar ea
b = base
h = hei ght
AREA OF CIRCLE: A = r
2
A = Ar ea
= 3. 1416
A = D
2
r = r adi us
4 D = Di amet er
VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR SOLID:
V = l wh V = Vol ume
l = l engt h
w = wi dt h
h = hei ght
VOLUME OF CYLINDRICAL SOLID:
V = r
2
h V = Vol ume
= 3. 1416
V = D
2
h r = r adi us
4 D = Di amet er
h = hei ght
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES:
C = ______1________________
1 + 1 + . . . . .
C
1
C
2
CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL:
C = C
1
+ C
2
+ . . . . .
GAS LAWS:
Boyl e s Law: P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2
P = Pr essur e ( absol ut e)
V = Vol ume
Char l es Law: P
1
= P
2
P = Pr essur e ( absol ut e)
T
1
T
2
T = Temper at ur e ( absol ut e)
Gener al
Gas Law: P
1
V
1
P
2
V
2
P = Pr essur e ( absol ut e)
_____ = _____ V = Vol ume
T
1
T
2
T = Temper at ur e ( absol ut e)
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM:
C
2
= a
2
+ b
2
c = hypot enuse
a & b = si des
