Grade 9 Number Systems
Natural numbers The counting numbers 1, 2, 3 are called natural numbers. The set of natural numbers is denoted by N. N = {1, 2, 3, } Whole numbers If we include zero to the set of natural numbers, then we get the set of whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W. W = {0, 1, 2, } Integers The collection of numbers 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 is called integers. This collection is denoted by Z, or I. Z = {, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
Rational numbers Rational numbers are those which can be expressed in the form integers and q Note: 1.
12 12 3 4 , where the HCF of 4 and 5 is 1 15 15 3 5 12 4 and are equivalent rational numbers (or fractions) 15 5 a Thus, every rational number x can be expressed as x , where a, b are integers b
p , where p, q are q
0.
Example: , , , etc.
1 3 6 2 4 9
such that the HCF of a and b = 1 and b
0.
2. Every natural number is a rational number. 3. Every whole number is a rational number. [Since every whole number W can be expressed as 4. Every integer is a rational number.
There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
W ]. 1
Example:
Find 5 rational numbers Solution:
3 5 and . 8 12
3 3 3 9 9 6 54 8 8 3 24 24 6 144 5 5 2 10 10 6 60 12 12 2 24 24 6 144
It can be observed that:
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 144 144 144 144 144 144 144 3 55 7 19 29 59 5 8 144 18 48 72 144 12 55 7 19 29 59 3 5 . Thus, , , , and are 5 rational numbers between and 144 18 48 72 144 8 12
Irrational Numbers Irrational numbers are those which cannot be expressed in the form are integers and q Example: 0.
p , where p, q q
2, 7, 14, 0.0202202220.......
There are infinitely many irrational numbers. Real Numbers The collection of all rational numbers and irrational numbers is called real numbers. So, a real number is either rational or irrational. Note: Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line (and vice versa). So, the number line is also called the real number line. Example: Locate 6 on the number line. Solution: It is seen that:
6 5
2
12
To locate 6 on the number line, we first need to construct a length of 5 .
5 22 1
By Pythagoras Theorem:
OB2 OB OA 2 AB2 5 22 12 4 1 5
Steps: (a) Mark O at 0 and A at 2 on the number line, and then draw AB of unit length 5 perpendicular to OA. Then, by Pythagoras Theorem, OB (b) Construct BD of unit length perpendicular to OB. Thus, by Pythagoras Theorem, OD
5
2
12
(c) Using a compass with centre O and radius OD, draw an arc intersecting the number line at point P. Thus, P corresponds to the number 6 .
Real numbers and their decimal expansions: The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating recurring (repeating). Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating repeating is rational. Example:
3 2 15 8 4 3 24 13 1.5 1.875 Terminating Terminating Non terminating recurring Non-terminating recurring
1.333....... 1.3
1.846153846153 1.846153
Example:
Show that 1.23434 . can be written in the form and q 0. Solution:
Let x 1.23434..... 1.234 1
p , where p and q are integers q
Here, two digits are repeating. Multiplying (1) by 100, we get: 100x = 123.43434 =122.2 + 1.23434 .. Subtracting (1) from (2), we get:
99 x 122.2 x 122.2 99 1222 990 661 495 611 495
(2)
Thus,1.234
The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring. Moreover, a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non- recurring is irrational. Example: 2.645751311064. is an irrational number Representation of real numbers on the number line Example: Visualize 3.32 on the number line, upto 4 decimal places. Solution:
3.32 3.3232...... 3.3232 approximate upto 4 decimal place
Now, it is seen that 3 < 3.3232 < 4. Divide the gap between 3 and 4 on the number line into 10 equal parts and locate 3.3232 between 3.3 and 3.4 [as 3.3 < 3.3232 < 3.4]. To locate the given number between 3.3 and 3.4 more accurately, we divide this gap into 10 equal parts. It is seen that 3.32 < 3.3232 < 3.33. We continue the same procedure by dividing the gap between 3.32 and 3.33 into 10 equal parts. It is seen that 3.323 < 3.3232 < 3.324. Now, by dividing the gap between 3.323 and 3.324 into 10 equal parts, we can locate 3.3232.
Operation on real numbers Some facts (a) The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is always irrational. (b) The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is always irrational. (c) If we add, subtract, multiply or divide two irrational numbers, then the result may be rational or irrational. Illustrations 2 3 is irrational 2 2 0 is rational 3 5 15 is irrational 2 2 2 is rational
6 2 2 2 3 is irrational 1 is rational
Identities If a and b are positive real numbers, then ab a b a. b.
a b a b
c. d. e. f.
a
a b b a a b
2
a b b c
a b2 a2 b d ac ad bc bd
a 2 ab b
The denominator of
a x
b can be rationalised by multiplying both the y
numerator and the denominator by x Laws of exponents 1) a p .a q 2)
ap
q
y , where a, b, x, y are integers.
ap
a pq
ap 3) q a
ap
p
4) ab Note:
x
a pb p , where a > 0 is a real number and p, q are rational numbers.
1 x
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