Applications | Connections | Extensions
Applications
1. Find the values of each pair of expressions.
a. - 12 + (- 4 + 9) [-12 + (-4)] + 9
b. (14 - 20) - 8 14 - (20 - 8)
c. [14 + (- 20)] + (- 8) 14 + [-20 + (-8)]
d. - 1 - [ - 1 + (- 1)] [-1 - (-1)] + (-1)
e. Which cases lead to expressions with different results? Explain.
For Exercises 2–7, find the value of each expression.
2. (5 - 3) , (- 2) # (- 1) 3. 2 + (-3) # 4 - (-5)
4. 4 # 2 # (- 3) + (- 10) , 5 5. -3 # [2 + (-10)] - 22
6. (4 - 20) , 22 - 5 # (-2) 7. 10 - [50 , (-2 # 25) - 7] # 22
For Exercises 8–11, rewrite each expression in an equivalent form to
show a simpler way to do the arithmetic. Explain how you know the
two results are equal without doing any calculations.
8. (- 150 + 270) + 30 9. (43 # 120) + [43 # (- 20)]
10. 23 + (- 75) + 14 + (- 23) - (-75) 11. [0.8 # (- 23)] + [0.8 # (-7)]
12. Without doing any calculations, determine whether each number
sentence is true. Explain. Then check your answer.
a. 50 # 432 = (50 # 400) + (50 # 32)
b. 50 # 368 = (50 # 400) - (50 # 32)
c. - 50 # 998 = [ - 50 # (- 1,000)] + [- 50 # 2]
d. - 50 + (400 # 32) = (- 50 + 400) # (- 50 + 32)
e. (- 70 # 20) + (- 50 # 20) = (-120 # 20)
f . 6 # 17 = 6 # 20 - 6 # 3
86 Accentuate the Negative
Applications Connections Extensions
For each part, use the Distributive Property to write an equivalent
expression.
13. - 2 # [5 + (- 8)] 14. (-3 # 2) - [-3 # (-12)]
15. x # (- 3 + 5) 16. -7x + 4x
17. 2x # [2 - (- 4)] 18. x - 3x
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Connections
For Exercises 20–37, find the sum, difference, product, or quotient.
20. 3 # 12 21. 3 # (-12)
22. - 3 , (- 12) 23. -10 # (-11)
24. - 10 + 11 25. 10 - 11
26. - 24 - (- 12) 27. - 24
- 12
28. - 18 , 6 29. 50 # 70
30. 50 # (- 70) 31. 2,200 , (-22)
32. - 50 # (- 120) 33. -139 + 899
34. 5,600 - 7,800 35. -4,400 - (-1,200)
- 9,900
36. - 99 37. -580 + (-320)
Investigation 4 Properties of Operations 87
Applications Connections Extensions
38. When using negative numbers and exponents, you sometimes need
parentheses to make it clear what you are multiplying.
You can think of - 54 as “the opposite of 54 ” or
# # #
- (54) = - (5 5 5 5) = - 625
You can think of (-5)4 as “negative five to the fourth power” or
# # #
(- 5)4 = - 5 (- 5) (-5) (-5) = 625
Indicate whether the following expressions will be negative or
positive. Explain your answers.
a. - 32 b. (-6)3 c. (-4)4
d. - 16 e. (-3)4 f. -23
39. This list shows the yards gained and lost during the first several plays
of a football game:
8, 4, 3, 7, -15, 20, 5, -12, 32, 1
Write an expression that shows how to compute the team’s average
gain or loss per play. Then compute the average.
40. Complete each number sentence.
a. - 34 + (- 15) = ■
b. - 12 # (- 23) = ■
c. - 532 , ■ = - 7
d. - 777 - ■ = - 740
e. Write a fact family for part (a).
f . Write a fact family for part (b).
For Exercises 41–44, write a related fact. Use it to find the value of n
that makes the sentence true.
41. n - (- 5) = 35 42. 4 + n = -43
43. - 2n = - 16 44. n
4 = -32
88 Accentuate the Negative
Applications Connections Extensions
45. Insert parentheses (or brackets) in each expression if needed to
make the equation true.
a. 1 + (- 3) # (- 4) = 8 b. 1 + (-3) # (- 4) = 13
c. - 6 , (- 2) + (- 4) = 1 d. -6 , (-2) + (- 4) = -1
e. - 4 # 2 - 10 = - 18 f. -4 # 2 - 10 = 32
46. Multiple Choice Which set of numbers is in order from least
to greatest?
A. 31.4, - 14.2, - 55, 75, - 0.05, 0.5, 3.140
B. 25, -53, 87, -89, -23, 53
C. - 0.2, - 0.5, 0.75, 0.6, - 1, 1.5
D. None of these
47. Find the absolute values of the numbers for each set in Exercise 46.
Write them in order from least to greatest.
For Exercises 48–50, decide whether each statement is correct, and
explain your answer.
48. -2 + 3 = -2 + 3
49. 5 - -2 + 3 = 5 - -2 + 3
50. -2 - 3 = -2 + -3
51. You can use dot patterns to illustrate the distributive properties for
operations on whole numbers. Write a number sentence to represent
the pair of dot patterns.
Investigation 4 Properties of Operations 89
Applications Connections Extensions
52. A trucking company carries freight along a highway from New York
City to San Francisco. Its home base is in Omaha, Nebraska, which
is about halfway between the two cities. Truckers average about
50 miles per hour on this route.
N Route Map
W E
Distances in Miles
S
Cheyenne Omaha Chicago Cleveland
Salt Lake City
500 470 350
440 470
New York
740
San Francisco
Make a number line to represent this truck route. Put Omaha at 0.
Use positive numbers for cities east of Omaha and negative numbers
for cities west of Omaha. Then write number sentences to answer
each question.
a . A truck leaves Omaha heading east and travels for 7 hours. About
how far does the truck go? Where on the number line does it stop?
b. A truck leaves Omaha heading west and travels for 4.5 hours.
About how far does the truck go? Where on the number line does
it stop?
c . A truck heading east arrives in Omaha. About where on the
number line was the truck 12 hours earlier?
d. A truck heading west arrives in Omaha. About where on the
number line was the truck 11 hours earlier?
90 Accentuate the Negative
Applications Connections Extensions
Extensions
Copy each pair of expressions in Exercises 53–57. Insert 6 or 7 to
make a true statement.
53. - 23 ■ - 45
54. - 23 + 10 ■ - 45 + 10
55. - 23 - 10 ■ - 45 - 10
56. - 23 # 10 ■ - 45 # 10
57. - 23 # (- 10) ■ - 45 # (- 10)
For Exercises 58–60, refer to your results in Exercises 53–57. Complete
each statement. Test your ideas with other numerical cases, or develop
another kind of explanation, perhaps using chip board or number
line ideas.
58. If a 7 b, then a + c ■ b + c.
59. If a 7 b, then a - c ■ b - c.
60. If a 7 b, then a # c ■ b # c.
For Exercises 61–63, find the value for n that makes the sentence true.
61. n - (- 24) = 12
62. 2.5n = - 10
63. 2.5n + (- 3) = - 13
64. Complete each pair of calculations.
a. 12 , (- 8 + 4) = ■ [12 , (-8)] + (12 , 4) = ■
b. - 12 , [ - 5 - (- 3)] = ■ [-12 , (-5)] - [-12 , (-3)] = ■
c. (- 2 - 6) , 4 = ■ (-2 , 4) - (6 , 4) = ■
d. (5 + 6) , 3 = ■ (5 , 3) + (6 , 3) = ■
e. What can you conclude from parts (a)–(d) about the Distributive Property?
Investigation 4 Properties of Operations 91
Applications Connections Extensions
65. When you find the mean (average) of two numbers, you add them
together and divide by 2.
a. Does the order in which you do the operations matter? Give
examples.
b. Does multiplication distribute over the averaging operation? That
is, will a number a times the average of two numbers, x and y, give
the same result as the average of ax and ay? Give examples.
For Exercises 66–69, write equivalent expressions to show two
different ways to find the area of each rectangle. Use the ideas of the
Distributive Property.
66. 67.
5 6
2
12 8
15
68. 69.
5 x
2 2
13 2 14
For Exercises 70–73, draw and label the edges and areas of a rectangle
to illustrate each pair of equivalent expressions.
70. (3 + 2) # 12 = 3 # 12 + 2 # 12
71. 9 # 3 + 9 # 5 = 9 # (3 + 5)
72. x # (5 + 9) = 5x + 9x
73. 2 # (x + 8) = 2x + 16
92 Accentuate the Negative
