A SEMINAR REPORT ON EXTRACTION OF TITANIUM Submitted by: PIRU BASKEY Roll No: 27614 Regn.

No:0801105130 Guided by: Mrs. SWARNALATA BEHERA

Department of METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARANG, DHENKANAL, ODISHA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my guideMrs. SWARNALATA BEHERA, METALLURGICAL ENGG for helping me a lot to complete the seminar report without whose sincere and kind efforts this seminar report would not have been a success.

I am also grateful to Dr. S. C. PATTNAIK, HOD OF METALLURGICAL ENGG for his instant permission and constant support in preparing the seminar report.

Yours Sincerely
PIRU BASKEY ROLL NO: 27614 REGD.NO:0801105130 METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARANG, DHENKANAL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that PIRU BASKEY, Regd.No-0801105130 Roll.No-27614 of 7th semester of Biju Patanaik University of Technology, Odisha for academic year 2011-2012, a student of Metallurgical Engineering of INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SARANG DHENKANAL has successfully completed his seminar.

DR. S.C. PATTNAIK H.O.D

MS. SWARNALATA BEHERA GUIDE

DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL ENG

ABSTRACT
Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile,

ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee,New York, and elsewhere. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Fifteen other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal alpha form changes to the cubic beta form very slowly at about 880C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PROPERTIES

TITANIUM ALLOY TITANIUM SPONGE PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE WHAT IS KROLL PROCESS HEAT TREATMENT OF TITANIUM APPLICATION OF TITANIUM CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Titanium as a useful metal alloy was not commonly used until the late 1940s. It is most often alloyed with molybdenum, manganese, iron, and aluminum. By weight titanium is one of the strongest readily available metals, making it ideal for wide range of practical applications. It is 45% lighter than steel with comparable strength, and twice as strong as aluminum while being only 60% heavier. As an element, Titanium has an atomic number of 22. Its atomic mass is 47.867 amu, it has a relatively high boiling point of 1660 Celsius (3020 Fahrenheit). Titanium-44, Titanium-45, andTitanium-51 are all radioactive isotopes, created when it is bombarded with deuterons.

In commercial use, titanium alloys are used anywhere strength and weight are an issue. Bicycle frames, automobile and plane parts, and structural pieces are some common examples. In medical use titanium pins are used because of their non-reactive nature when contacting bone and flesh. Many surgical instruments, as well as body piercings are made of titanium for this reason as well. Titanium is suggested for use in desalinization plants because of its strong resistance to corrosion from sea water (particularly when coated with platinum). Many ships use titanium for moving components constantly exposed to sea water, such as propellers and rigging.

PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM
The primary physical properties of titanium as a metallic chemical element include its nonmagnetic property, low density, and tough strength-to-weight ratio. It was first discovered in England in 1791 by Reverend William Gregor, who was also a minerologist, who originally named the metal manaccanite after the parish of Mannaccan in Cornwall, England, where he discovered it. Titanium ore is common in the Earth's crust in minerals such as ilmenite or iron titanate, FeTiO3, and rutile, more commonly known as titanium dioxide, TiO2.

Chemical properties of titanium include its corrosion-resistant nature that makes it suitable for medical instruments, since it does not interact chemically with human tissues. Its resistance to many forms of acid make it useful in industrial applications where caustic chemicals are processed. Titanium is also one of the few elements that can burn in the absence of oxygen. In a pure nitrogen atmosphere, it will react at a temperature of 1,470 Fahrenheit (800 Celsius) to form titanium nitride, TiN. Titanium dioxide is a widely used compound of the metal, applied as a form of pigment in paints, sunblock lotion, and food colorings. The overwhelming bulk of titanium ore that is mined worldwide is converted into a pure form of TiO2, while the rest is alloyed with metals such as vanadium and aluminum for use in structural surfaces, where it weighs 40% less than carbon-strengthened steel.

The oxide mineral properties of titanium compounds led to purification difficulties after its discovery. Pure titanium at a level of 99.9% of the metal wasn't isolated until 119 years later by Matthew Hunter in 1910, a metallurgist from New Zealand who named the purification method the Hunter process. Additional methods of purification of the metal were discovered in 1936, and, by 1948, worldwide production of it had climbed to three tons per year. This number was soon to skyrocket due to unique properties of titanium, and 2011 global production is estimated at 223,000 metric tons. The strong mechanical properties of titanium make it essential in aircraft airframe structures that make extensive use of the metal, and, as of 2006, aircraft manufacturing saw global prices for titanium begin to rise rapidly. This is in part due to the fact that it is expensive to purify the metal, and it costs five times more than aluminum to refine. The cost is 10 times more to create titanium metal ingots and finished metal products than aluminum. The world market demand for pure titanium is 10,000 times smaller than that of the steel market as well, which contributes to price fluctuations. As of 2005, the nations gearing up to be the top titanium refiners were Japan and China, followed closely by Russia and the United States.

TITANIUM ALLOY

Titanium alloy is a metallic material that consists of titanium mixed with other metals, usually small quantities of palladium, vanadium, aluminum, and/or tin. These metals provide improved properties over pure titanium, such as corrosion resistance, good weldability (fabricability), stability, and strength at elevated temperatures. Pure titanium is very hard, which can make it challenging to weld and shape. The only typical application for pure titanium is orthopedic and dental implants, while the myriad other applications of titanium, including aerospace engineering, high-temperature engines, medical and marine processing, and athletic equipment use titanium alloy. Many

alloys of other metals also contain small amounts of titanium, but these they are not considered titanium alloys unless titanium makes up the majority of the substance. Titanium is often considered a wonder metal for its high strength and lightness. About as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, titanium is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum. It also has the benefit of being non-reactive with the human body, making it ideal for medical implants such as pins to hold together broken bones. However, its high cost has limited its use.

Titanium is relatively common in the Earth's crust, making up about 0.57% (the 9th most common element), but extracting it from its ores -- the minerals Rutile (TiO2), Ilmenite (FeTiO3) and Sphene (CaTiSiO5) -- can be pricey, due to the high heat input required. Elemental titanium was only first isolated in its pure form in 1910, when Matthew A. Hunter heated TiCl4with sodium at 800 C (1472 F). There are 38 common types of titanium alloy, but the typical mix is 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% vanadium. This mix is called Grade 5. There are titanium grades 1 through 38, with 38 being the most recently invented. The grades do not indicate strength or anything, they are just used for easy reference, though the earlier grades were the first to be commonly produced. Grade 5 titanium is also known as Titanium 6AL-4V, which is considered suitable for military use. This grade of titanium alloy is stable in applications up to 400 C (752 F), with the stereotypical application being in aircraft turbines, which rotate very quickly and get very hot. Besides seeing widespread use in military hardware, titanium alloy can be found in the connecting rods in high-end automobiles like Porsche and Ferrari. The presence of these metals is part of what can make these cars so expensive, but also reliable and capable of high speeds. A similar high-end material found in premium products is carbon fiber.

TITANIUM SPONGE

Titanium sponge is a porous form of titanium that is created during the first stage of processing. In its natural form, titanium is widely available within the earths crust. After being extracted, it is processed to remove excess materials and convert it into a usable, although costly, product. The conversion process used with raw titanium is called the Kroll process. This is a complex, multistage, batch process that requires very high heat and specialized equipment. The Kroll process converts the metal oxide into chloride by passing the metal over extremely hot rutile or ilmenite and carbon to create titanium tetrachloride. These chemicals

are separated through a process called fractional distillation in which the components of a mixture are separated based on their different boiling points. The material resulting from the Kroll process is titanium sponge. This sponge is then subjected to leaching or heated vacuum distillation to remove further impurities. The remaining materials in the sponge are jack hammered, crushed, pressed and melted to remove even more impurities. In the next stage of the process, the titanium sponge is melted. It is then put through a process of fractional distillation to remove excess liquid and combined with molten magnesium iron aluminum, vanadium or molybdenum and argon in a very hot furnace.

At this point, the converted titanium sponge is ready for fabrication. Some firms sell titanium sponge as a finished product, while others complete the conversion process internally. The sponge can now be formed into mill shapes such as a bar, plate, sheet or tube. These

products are then shipped to different mills and fabricators to created finished products for commercial use. Titanium is used to produce parts for jet engines, missiles, orthopedic implants, jewelry and mobile telephones. The most important properties of titanium are its low density and high level of corrosion resistance. Although six times as expensive as steel, titanium is very resistant to corrosion in both sea water and chlorinated water, making it popular with a wide range of manufacturers. Titanium was first discovered and documented by William Gregor in 1791. Although purified titanium is quite costly, it is available in its basic form, in almost all living creatures. It can also be found in rocks, water and soil. The process of extracting it and combining it with alloys is what makes the procedure complex and expensive.

Titanium is relatively common in the Earth's crust, making up about 0.57% (the 9th most common element), but extracting it from its ores -- the minerals Rutile (TiO2), Ilmenite (FeTiO3) and Sphene (CaTiSiO5) -- can be pricey, due to the high heat input required. Elemental titanium was only first isolated in its pure form in 1910, when Matthew A. Hunter heated TiCl4with sodium at 800 C (1472 F). There are 38 common types of titanium alloy, but the typical mix is 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% vanadium. This mix is called Grade 5. There are titanium grades 1 through 38, with 38 being the most recently invented. The grades do not indicate strength or anything, they are just used for easy reference, though the earlier grades were the first to be commonly produced. Grade 5 titanium is also known as Titanium 6AL-4V, which is considered suitable for military use. This grade of titanium alloy is stable in applications up to 400 C (752 F), with the stereotypical application being in aircraft turbines, which rotate very quickly and get very hot. Besides seeing widespread use in military hardware, titanium alloy can be found in the connecting rods in high-end automobiles like Porsche and Ferrari. The presence of these metals is part of what can make these cars so expensive, but also reliable and capable of high speeds.

WHAT IS KROLL PROESS

The Kroll process is a method used to convert ore into titanium metal. Engineers, manufacturing firms, and medical companies use titanium for a variety of different purposes because it is as strong as steel but is more lightweight. Traces of titanium can be found in minerals such as rutile and ilmenite, but the pyrometallurgical Kroll process removes impurities and produces a metal that can be used in medical implants, construction, and aircraft design.

Titanium was discovered in Great Britain in 1791 by a man named William Gregor. A Germanscientist named Martin Heinrich Klaproth named it after the Greek god Titan during the same year. Scientists began developing ways to extract the newly discovered element from rutile and ilmenite, and in 1910 a chemist named Matthew Hunter developed a method for producing titanium metal by mixing rutile with coke and chlorine. The Hunter process became the first industrial scale process for producing this metal. During the 1930s, a scientist from Luxembourg called William Kroll began experimenting with titanium. In 1938, he developed what later became known as the Kroll method. Kroll moved to the United States after the outbreak of World War II, and his process for producing titanium metal was patented in the United States in 1940. The patent was later nullified by the federal government because Kroll was not a United States citizen. .

The Kroll process begins by passing chlorine gas through rutile in a chlorinator. During the first stage of the process, titanium tetrachloride and chlorides are produced from the ore. Oxygen is removed from the titanium tetracholdire through a distillation process, and this leaves the titanium tetrachloride in a liquid form. Scientists add liquid magnesium or sodium to the titanium tetrachloride, and the end result is a metallic sponge. This titanium sponge is crushed and then put into a consumable electrode vacuum arc furnace. The sponge melts inside the furnace but, unlike other metals, it is not poured because it solidifies in the vacuum. A titanium ingot produced during the Kroll process can weigh in excess of 5,000 kilograms (5.51 tons). The multiple steps of the Kroll process mean that titanium is much more expensive to produce than similar types of metal, such as steel. After developing the Kroll process, William Kroll used a similar technique to create zirconium metal. Both titanium and zirconium are now used to make parts for space vessels. Titanium, unlike zirconium, is not a health hazard, and is therefore also used for medical implants.

WHAT IS KROLL PROESS

The Kroll process is a method used to convert ore into titanium metal. Engineers, manufacturing firms, and medical companies use titanium for a variety of different purposes because it is as strong as steel but is more lightweight. Traces of titanium can be found in minerals such as rutile and ilmenite, but the pyrometallurgical Kroll process removes impurities and produces a metal that can be used in medical implants, construction, and aircraft design. Titanium was discovered in Great Britain in 1791 by a man named William Gregor. A Germanscientist named Martin Heinrich Klaproth named it after the Greek god Titan during the same year. Scientists began developing ways to extract the newly discovered element from rutile and ilmenite, and in 1910 a chemist named Matthew Hunter developed a method for producing titanium metal by mixing rutile with coke and chlorine. The Hunter process became the first industrial scale process for producing this metal. During the 1930s, a scientist from Luxembourg called William Kroll began experimenting with titanium. In 1938, he developed what later became known as the Kroll method. Kroll moved to the United States after the outbreak of World War II, and his process for producing titanium metal was patented in the United States in 1940. The patent was later nullified by the federal government because Kroll was not a United States citizen.

The Kroll process begins by passing chlorine gas through rutile in a chlorinator. During the first stage of the process, titanium tetrachloride and chlorides are produced from the ore. Oxygen is removed from the titanium tetracholdire through a distillation process, and this leaves the titanium tetrachloride in a liquid form. Scientists add liquid magnesium or sodium to the titanium tetrachloride, and the end result is a metallic sponge. This titanium sponge is crushed and then put into a consumable electrode vacuum arc furnace. The sponge melts inside the furnace but, unlike other metals, it is not poured because it solidifies in the vacuum. A titanium ingot produced during the Kroll process can weigh in excess of 5,000 kilograms (5.51 tons). The multiple steps of the Kroll process mean that titanium is much more expensive to produce than similar types of metal, such as steel. After developing the Kroll process, William Kroll used a similar technique to create zirconium metal. Both titanium and zirconium are now used to make parts for space vessels. Titanium, unlike zirconium, is not a health hazard, and is therefore also used for medical implants.

PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE

The production of titanium metal accounts for only 5 percent of annual titanium mineral consumption; the rest goes to the titanium pigment industry. Pigments are produced using either a sulfate process or a more environmentally acceptable carbo-chlorination process (described below) that converts TiO 2 into TiCl4. The latter process also supplies the TiCl4 necessary for the production of titanium metal. Environmental and economic constraints dictate that the ore feed stocks converted by carbo-chlorination processes now in use contain greater than 90 percent TiO 2. Only natural rutile meets this requirement, but ilmenite can be upgraded through combinations of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques to produce a synthetic rutile of 90 to 93 percent TiO 2. In addition, titaniferous magnetite ores can be smelted to produce pig iron and titanium-rich slags. Rutile, leucoxene, synthetic rutile, and slag can then be mixed to provide a feed stock of more than 90 percent TiO 2 for the chlorination process. In the first step of this process, the oxide ores are reacted with chlorine in a fluidized bed of petroleum coke. Oxygen combines with carbon (C) in the coke to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), while the titanium and chlorine react to form a gaseous TiCl4, as in the following reaction:

(The X and Y represent variable quantities whose ratio depends on the reaction temperature, which varies between 850 and 1,000 C [1,550 and 1,800 F].) The raw TiCl 4 is cleaned of fine particles of entrained coke and titanium ore, and then it is liquified and passed through a distillation column to remove volatile impurities of both high and low boiling points. Vanadium oxychloride, an impurity with a boiling point similar to TiCl4, is stripped from the product stream by reaction with mineral oil. The TiCl4 is then redistilled to remove other impurities in a reflux distillation column. This process produces TiCl4 of a purity exceeding 99.9 percent. Since any contaminants in the TiCl4 would later be reduced along with the titanium metal, high-quality TiCl4 must be produced to achieve high-quality metal.

HEAT TREATMENT OF TITANIUM

HEAT TREATMENT OF TITANIUM

Titanium heat treating is the industrial process of applying extremely high temperatures to titanium so that the metal becomes more workable for manufacturing purposes. Annealing and stress relieving are the two most common types of titanium heat treating used today. Annealing is the titanium heat treating method that serves mainly to make the titanium resist fracture while increasing its ductility, or ability to be stretched into thin wire. The stress relieving method of titanium heat treating, on the other hand, is used mostly to reduce the amount of stress the titanium undergoes while being welded or formed. Titanium often requires either annealing or stress relieving. Titanium that is not stress relieved may crack after being welded or formed, while titanium meant for extensive machine processing usually will not hold up to such heavy processing without first being annealed. Temperatures as high as 1100 degrees Fahrenheit (593 degrees Celsius) for stress relieving and 1450 degrees Fahrenheit (788 degrees Celsius) for annealing are not uncommon in titanium heat treating. Contamination is a crucial issue in titanium heat treating. Fabrication shops often have separate areas for titanium since titanium is especially prone to contamination from air, moisture, dust, and grease. Other high-performance metals, such as stainless steel and nickel-base alloys do not require as strict attention to cleanliness as they are not as sensitive as titanium to contamination while being formed or welded.

It is important to note that pure elemental titanium is rarely used in modern manufacturing as it is a rather soft metal on its own. Titanium alloys, mixtures of titanium with other metals, allow for maximum hardening properties. However, each particular titanium alloy will respond differently to the titanium heat treating process. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) first Space Shuttle helped the public become more aware of the use of titanium alloys and titanium heat treating as the Shuttle used titanium heat shield insulation tiles for the ability to remain strong in high temperatures. Since the first Space Shuttle, NASA continued to incorporate titanium alloys in their designs because of their non-melting, strong properties. Manufacturers of quality swords and knives also rely on the strength of titanium alloys. Titanium alloys are even stronger for their weight than steel. Titanium alloys are also resistant to corrosives such as acids, solvents and bases.

APPLICATION OFTITANIUM
Aerospace Applications
Since the advent of the jet engine, titanium has been used in new alloys and production techniques to meet ever tighter standards for high-temperature performance, creep resistance, strength, and metallurgical structure. Through triple melting, or in some cases, electron beam cold hearth melting, the highest quality titanium metal alloys are achieved. These alloys are used in aerospace applications such as engines and airframes.

Jet Engines
Titanium is used for critical jet engine rotating applications. In the newest technology jet engines, wide chord titanium fan blades increase efficiency while reducing noise.

Airframes
In the airframe structural market, innovative alloys replace steel and nickel alloys in landing gear and nacelle applications. These substitutions enable airframe manufacturers to save weight and improve aircraft efficiency. Aircraft quality plate and sheet are hot-rolled from forged slab. To achieve critical plate flatness vacuum creep flattening is used. Superplastic forming/diffusion bonding has led to increased use of titanium alloy sheet in new airframe designs. Aircraft quality strip, in commercially pure grades and beta alloys is produced in coil form with continuous vacuum annealing assuring extremely low hydrogen content.

With each new design, commercial aircraft manufacturers increase the use of titanium in airframes.

Industrial Applications
The uses for titanium in industry are growing faster than ever before as more and more engineers are discovering it can reduce lifecycle costs across a broad range of equipment and processes. Titanium has an exceptionally high strength to weight ratio. Titanium's favourable density (approximately half that of ferrous and nickel based metals) means that when equipment costs are calculated on a per unit area of measure basis, rather than per pound, the differential cost of material required narrows dramatically. In other words, about half as much titanium is required to do the same job, based on strength, or the same weight of titanium will go twice as far. Further closing the gap, when applied properly, titanium requires no corrosion allowance; pressure and structural requirements for the system are the only criteria for specifying wall thickness. Any remaining higher up front costs are almost always recouped in multiple due to increased production time and reduced maintenance. Titanium forms a very tenacious surface oxide layer, which is an outstanding corrosion inhibitor. In many harsh environments it can outlast competing materials as much as 5:1. Lower failure rates translate to less downtime, reduced maintenance and total lower cost. As a result, titanium has found a home in numerous industries ranging from power generation to chemical processing to desalination plants.

Power Generation
In power generating plants, where saline, brackish or polluted waters are used as the cooling medium, titanium thin wall condenser tubing will last for the life of the condenser (with a 40year warranty against failure under proper conditions) and eliminate the need for a corrosion allowance.

Chemical Processing
Many chemical processing operations specify titanium to increase equipment life. It offers lifecycle cost advantages over copper, nickel and stainless steel grades, while providing initial cost advantages over materials such as high nickel alloys, tantalum and zirconium.

Petroleum
In petroleum exploration and production, titanium pipe's light weight and flexibility make it an excellent material for deep sea production risers. In addition, titanium's immunity to attack by sea water makes it the preferred material for topside water management systems. It is used on existing platforms in the North Sea and many more projects are in the planning stages. And since it shows virtually no corrosion in salt water, titanium is also the material of choice in

desalination plants worldwide.

Other Industries
Titanium alloys are used in dozens of other industrial purposes, such as flue gas desulphurisation for pollution control, PTA plants for polyester production, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and hydrometallurgial autoclaves. Each grade is tailored to specific operating conditions, emphasizing strength for different pressures, alloy content for different corrosive agents and ductility for different fabrication requirements.

Emerging Applications
Pursuing, developing and supporting new uses for titanium is a priority for the titanium industry. This includes help for companies that are developing new uses for titanium, by providing dependable metal supply, advanced metallurgical design and expertise, and in some cases capital support.

Computer Industry
In the computer industry, titanium is a promising substrate for hard disk drives. Compared to aluminium, which is the primary material currently used, titanium provides significant advantages. Its non-magnetic properties prevent interference with the data storage process; its ability to withstand heat allows higher temperatures during the coating process, which improves manufacturing rates; and the purity of titanium permits closer read/write head tolerances, increasing disk capacity.

Automotive Industry
In the automotive industry, uses are being developed for titanium in the automotive/motorcycle after markets and racing market. Engine parts such as connecting rods, wrist pins, valves, valve retainers and springs, rocker arms and camshafts, to name a few, lend themselves to fabrication from titanium, because it is durable, strong, lightweight and resists heat and corrosion. While titanium initially may be more expensive for these applications, designs that exploit its unique characteristics yield parts that more than pay for themselves with better performance and a longer life. An all-titanium exhaust system is also being developed to reduce weight and increase longevity. Use of titanium on production vehicles is also being evaluated for engine parts to improve efficiencies and suspension springs to increase interior space.

Geothermal Power
There are new opportunities in geothermal power generation, where highly caustic steam released from the earth is captured to generate electricity. The low lifecycle cost of titanium in

these applications provides significant savings compared to competing materials.

Composites
Titanium is being widely used in metal matrix composites. As the cost of fabricating these exceptionally strong, lightweight components declines, their popularity and the utilization of titanium will grow.

Specialised Applications
Promoting unique, non-traditional uses for titanium Titanium's unique combination of attributes light weight, high strength, biocompatibility, and durability in extreme environments - make it an excellent material for a variety of non-traditional applications.

Human Implants
Titanium is completely inert to human body fluids, making it ideal for medical replacement structures such as hip and knee implants. Titanium actually allows bone growth to adhere to the implants, so they last longer than those made of other materials. Reconstructive titanium plates and mesh that support broken bones are also commonly used today.

Armour Applications
High strength-to-weight ratio and superior ballistic properties make titanium well suited for armour applications. Used as protective armour on personnel carriers and tanks, it makes the vehicles much lighter, increasing mobility of the force. Personal armour vests and helmets for police made from titanium are far lighter and more comfortable than those made from competing materials.

Other Applications
Titanium is also now found in a wide variety of consumer products such as jewellery, watch cases, eyeglasses, bicycles and clocks. The golf industry has found that lightweight titanium club heads can be bigger than those made of steel, enlarging the "sweet spot" of the club and thus increasing distance and accuracy. CONCLUSION

Titanium is the second most abundant transition metal on Earth (6320 ppm) and plays a vital role as a material of construction because of its:

Excellent Corrosion Resistance High Heat Transfer Efficiency Superior Strength-To-Weight Ratio

For example, when it's alloyed with 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium, titanium has half the weight of steel and up to four times the strength. Whilst a biological function in man is not known, it has excellent biocompatibility-that is the ability to be ignored by the human body's immune system--and an extreme resistance to corrosion. Titanium is now the metal of choice for hip and knee replacements.
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titanium processing,
preparation of the ore for use in various products. Titanium (Ti) is a soft, ductile, silvery gray metal with a melting point of 1,675 C (3,047 F). Owing to the formation on its surface of an oxide film that is relatively inert chemically, it has excellent corrosion

resistance in most natural environments. In addition, it is light in weight, with a density (4.51 grams per cubic centimetre) midway between aluminum and iron. Its combination of low density and high strength gives it the most efficient strength-to-weight ratio of common metals for temperatures up to 600 C (1,100 F). Because its atomic diameter is similar to many common metals such as aluminum, iron, tin, and vanadium, titanium can easily be alloyed to improve its properties. Like iron, the metal can exist in two crystalline forms: hexagonal close-packed (hcp) below 883 C (1,621 F) and body-centred cubic (bcc) at higher temperatures up to its melting point. This allotropic behaviour and the capacity to alloy with many elements result in titanium alloys that have a wide range of mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. Although titanium ores are abundant, the high reactivity of the metal with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen in the air at elevated temperatures necessitates complicated and therefore costly production and fabrication processes.

History
Titanium ore was first discovered in 1791 in Cornish beach sands by an English clergyman, William Gregor. The actual identification of the oxide was made a few years later by a German chemist, M.H. Klaproth. Klaproth gave the metal constituent of this oxide the name titanium, after the Titans, the giants of Greek mythology. Pure metallic titanium was first produced in either 1906 or 1910 by M.A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, N.Y., U.S.) in cooperation with the General Electric Company. These researchers believed titanium had a melting point of 6,000 C (10,800 F) and was therefore a candidate for incandescent-lamp filaments, but, when Hunter produced a metal with a melting point closer to 1,800 C (3,300 F), the effort was abandoned. Nevertheless, Hunter did indicate that the metal had some ductility, and his method of producing it by reacting titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4) with sodium under vacuum was later commercialized and is now known as the Hunter process. Metal of significant ductility was produced in 1925 by the Dutch scientists A.E. van Arkel and J.H. de Boer, who dissociated titanium tetraiodide on a hot filament in an evacuated glass bulb. In 1932 William J. Kroll of Luxembourg produced significant quantities of ductile titanium by combining TiCl4 with calcium. By 1938 Kroll had produced 20 kilograms (50 pounds) of titanium and was convinced that it possessed excellent corrosion and strength properties. At the start ofWorld War II he fled Europe and continued his work in the United States at the Union Carbide Company and later at the U.S. Bureau of Mines. By this time, he had changed the reducing agent from calcium to magnesium metal. Kroll is

now recognized as the father of the modern titanium industry, and the Kroll process is the basis for most current titanium production. A U.S. Air Force study conducted in 1946 concluded that titanium-based alloys were engineering materials of potentially great importance, since the emerging need for higher strength-to-weight ratios in jet aircraft structures and engines could not be satisfied efficiently by either steel or aluminum. As a result, the Department of Defense provided production incentives to start the titanium industry in 1950. Similar industrial capacity was founded in Japan, the U.S.S.R., and the United Kingdom. After this impetus was provided by the aerospace industry, the ready availability of the metal gave rise to opportunities for new applications in other markets, such as chemical processing, medicine, power generation, and waste treatment.

Ores
Titanium is the fourth most abundant structural metal on Earth, exceeded only by aluminum, iron, and magnesium. Workable mineral depositsare dispersed worldwide and include sites in Australia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Ukraine, Russia, Norway, Malaysia, and several other countries. The predominate minerals are rutile, which is about 95 percent titanium dioxide (TiO2), and ilmenite (FeTiO3), which contains 50 to 65 percent TiO2. A third mineral, leucoxene, is an alteration of ilmenite from which a portion of the iron has been naturally leached. It has no specific titanium content. Titanium minerals occur in alluvial and volcanic formations. Deposits usually contain between 3 and 12 percent heavy minerals, consisting of ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, zircon, and monazite.

Mining and concentrating

Although workable known reserves of rutile are diminishing, ilmenite deposits are abundant. Typical mining is by open pit. A suction bucket wheel on a floating dredge supplies a mineral-rich sand to a set of screens called trommels, which remove unwanted materials. Typically, the minerals are separated from waste material by gravity separation in a wet spiral concentrator. The resulting concentrates are separated by passing them through a complex series of electrostatic, magnetic, and gravity equipment.

Extraction and refining

TiCl4
The production of titanium metal accounts for only 5 percent of annual titanium mineral consumption; the rest goes to the titanium pigment industry. Pigments are produced using either a sulfate process or a

more environmentally acceptable carbo-chlorination process (described below) that converts TiO 2 into TiCl4. The latter process also supplies the TiCl4 necessary for the production of titanium metal. Environmental and economic constraints dictate that the ore feed stocks converted by carbo-chlorination processes now in use contain greater than 90 percent TiO 2. Only natural rutile meets this requirement, but ilmenite can be upgraded through combinations of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques to produce a synthetic rutile of 90 to 93 percent TiO 2. In addition, titaniferous magnetite ores can be smelted to produce pig iron and titanium-rich slags. Rutile, leucoxene, synthetic rutile, and slag can then be mixed to provide a feed stock of more than 90 percent TiO 2 for the chlorination process. In the first step of this process, the oxide ores are reacted with chlorine in a fluidized bed of petroleum coke. Oxygen combines with carbon (C) in the coke to produce carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), while the titanium and chlorine react to form a gaseous TiCl4, as in the following reaction:

(The X and Y represent variable quantities whose ratio depends on the reaction temperature, which varies between 850 and 1,000 C [1,550 and 1,800 F].) The raw TiCl4 is cleaned of fine particles of entrained coke and titanium ore, and then it is liquified and passed through a distillation column to remove volatile impurities of both high and low boiling points. Vanadium oxychloride, an impurity with a boiling point similar to TiCl4, is stripped from the product stream by reaction with mineral oil. The TiCl4 is then redistilled to remove other impurities in a reflux distillation column. This process produces TiCl 4 of a purity exceeding 99.9 percent. Since any contaminants in the TiCl4 would later be reduced along with the titanium metal, high-quality TiCl4 must be produced to achieve high-quality metal.

Titanium sponge
In the production of titanium pigments, the TiCl4 would be reoxidized to TiO2, but, in the production of titanium metal, it is reduced with either sodium (Na) in the Hunter process or with magnesium (Mg) in the Kroll process:

These reactions take place in large, sealed steel vessels at approximately 800 to 1,000 C (1,450 to 1,800 F) in an inert argon atmosphere to avoid contamination of the final product by air or moisture. Both processes produce titanium in the form of a highly porous material called sponge, with the salts NaCl or MgCl2 entrapped in the pores. The sponge is crushed, and the metal and salts are separated by either a dilute acid leach or by high-temperature vacuum distillation. The salts are recycled through electrolytic cells to produce sodium or magnesium for reuse in metal reduction and chlorine for reuse in chlorination of the ore. A different process that offers hope for an improved and simplified method of producing titanium metal is the direct electrowinning of titanium from TiCl4 in fused chloride salt baths. In this case, titanium sponge collects on a steel cathode, and chlorine gas is given off at the carbon anode. The required use in this process of high-melting-point salts, combined with the need for maintaining an inert environment, present major technical and economical hurdles that have to be overcome in order to achieve commercial status.

Titanium ingot

PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM SPONGE

The large heat of formation of titanium dioxide(945.4 kllmol) combined with the highsolubilityofoxygen in titanium at high temperatureshas so far made it impossible to developan economic process for the directreduction of titanium dioxide to low-oxygen titaniu metal. The standard industrial processesfor the production of titanium metal aretherefore based on titanium halides. Crude TiCl 4

Purification ofcrude titanium tetrachloride

TITANIUM SPONGE

Titanium sponge is a porous form of titanium that is created during the first stage of processing. In its natural form, titanium is widely available within the earths crust. After being extracted, it is processed to remove excess materials and convert it into a usable, although costly, product. The conversion process used with raw titanium is called the Kroll process. This is a complex, multistage, batch process that requires very high heat and specialized equipment. The Kroll process converts the metal oxide into chloride by passing the metal over extremely hot rutile or ilmenite and carbon to create titanium tetrachloride. These chemicals

are separated through a process called fractional distillation in which the components of a mixture are separated based on their different boiling points. The material resulting from the Kroll process is titanium sponge. This sponge is then subjected to leaching or heated vacuum distillation to remove further impurities. The remaining materials in the sponge are jack hammered, crushed, pressed and melted to remove even more impurities. In the next stage of the process, the titanium sponge is melted. It is then put through a process of fractional distillation to remove excess liquid and combined with molten magnesium, iron aluminum, vanadium or molybdenum and argon in a very hot furnace. The purpose of combining these materials is to add strength and stability to the titanium sponge and create a pliable metal alloy. Ads by Google
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Processing line

At this point, the converted titanium sponge is ready for fabrication. Some firms sell titanium sponge as a finished product, while others complete the conversion process internally. The sponge can now be formed into mill shapes such as a bar, plate, sheet or tube. These products are then shipped to different mills and fabricators to created finished products for commercial use. Titanium is used to produce parts for jet engines, missiles, orthopedic implants, jewelry and mobile telephones. The most important properties of titanium are its low density and high level of corrosion resistance. Although six times as expensive as steel, titanium is very

resistant to corrosion in both sea water and chlorinated water, making it popular with a wide range of manufacturers. Titanium was first discovered and documented by William Gregor in 1791. Although purified titanium is quite costly, it is available in its basic form, in almost all living creatures. It can also be found in rocks, water and soil. The process of extracting it and combining it with alloys is what makes the procedure complex and expensive.

Titanium is relatively common in the Earth's crust, making up about 0.57% (the 9th most common element), but extracting it from its ores -- the minerals Rutile (TiO2), Ilmenite (FeTiO3) and Sphene (CaTiSiO5) -- can be pricey, due to the high heat input required. Elemental titanium was only first isolated in its pure form in 1910, when Matthew A. Hunter heated TiCl4with sodium at 800 C (1472 F). There are 38 common types of titanium alloy, but the typical mix is 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% vanadium. This mix is called Grade 5. There are titanium grades 1 through 38, with 38 being the most recently invented. The grades do not indicate strength or anything, they are just used for easy reference, though the earlier grades were the first to be commonly produced. Grade 5 titanium is also known as Titanium 6AL-4V, which is considered suitable for military use. This grade of titanium alloy is stable in applications up to 400 C (752 F), with the stereotypical application being in aircraft turbines, which rotate very quickly and get very hot. Besides seeing widespread use in military hardware, titanium alloy can be found in the connecting rods in high-end automobiles like Porsche and Ferrari. The presence of these metals is part of what can make these cars so expensive, but also reliable and capable of high speeds. A similar high-end material found in premium products is carbon fiber. Ads by Google

HEAT TREATMENT OF TITANIUM

Titanium heat treating is the industrial process of applying extremely high temperatures to titanium so that the metal becomes more workable for manufacturing purposes. Annealing and stress relieving are the two most common types of titanium heat treating used today. Annealing is the titanium heat treating method that serves mainly to make the titanium resist fracture while increasing its ductility, or ability to be stretched into thin wire. The stress relieving method of titanium heat treating, on the other hand, is used mostly to reduce the amount of stress the titanium undergoes while being welded or formed. Titanium often requires either annealing or stress relieving. Titanium that is not stress relieved may crack after being welded or formed, while titanium meant for extensive machine processing usually will not hold up to such heavy processing without first being annealed. Temperatures as high as 1100 degrees Fahrenheit (593 degrees Celsius) for stress relieving and 1450 degrees Fahrenheit (788 degrees Celsius) for annealing are not uncommon in titanium heat treating. Contamination is a crucial issue in titanium heat treating. Fabrication shops often have separate areas for titanium since titanium is especially prone to contamination from air, moisture, dust, and grease. Other high-performance metals, such as stainless steel and nickel-base alloys do not require as strict attention to cleanliness as they are not as sensitive as titanium to contamination while being formed or welded. Ads by Google
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It is important to note that pure elemental titanium is rarely used in modern manufacturing as it is a rather soft metal on its own. Titanium alloys, mixtures of titanium with other metals, allow for maximum hardening properties. However, each particular titanium alloy will respond differently to the titanium heat treating process. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) first Space Shuttle helped the public become more aware of the use of titanium alloys and titanium heat treating as the Shuttle used titanium heat shield insulation tiles for the ability to remain strong in high temperatures. Since the first Space Shuttle, NASA continued to incorporate titanium alloys in their designs because of their non-melting, strong properties. Manufacturers of quality swords and knives also rely on the strength of titanium alloys. Titanium alloys are even stronger for their weight than steel. Titanium alloys are also resistant to corrosives such as acids, solvents and bases.

Production of Titanium Tetrachloride

Titanium metal is produced exclusively byreduction of titanium tetrachloride,which ismanufactured from natural rutile or from thesocalledsynthetic rutile obtained from ilmeniteor from the Ti02-rich slag produced bymetallurgical treatment of ilmenite (ore preparation,production of Ti02-rich slags, and productionof synthetic rutile. are described inSection 22.7.2).The Ti02produced for the pigment industryby treatment of ilmenite with sulfuric acid is unsuitable as a starting material for productionof the metal because of the impuritiespresent. Also, titanium white (Ti02) is increasinglyproduced from TiC14. At the presenttime, approximately one-third of Ti02 worldproduction (2.1 x 106 tJa) is produced by thechloride process. Over 95% of the total quantityof titanium minerals extracted worldwideis used to produce Ti02pigment, and only ca:4% for titanium metal.In spite of the wide distribution of titaniumminerals, the mining of rutile-containing oresis mainly concentrated on Australia, fromwhich 90% of world production comes. Otherimportant producing

countries are Sierra Leoneand South Africa. The most important ilmenite-producing countries are Australia(one-third of total world production) and Nor~way, the United States, and the Ukraine, whilethe leading producers of titanium slag from ilmeniteare Canada and South Africa.Chlorination oftitanium dioxide is now carriedout almost exclusively by the fluidizedbedprocess. In the discontinuous fixedbedprocess, which is now hardly used, rutile concentrate(> 96%) is mixed with 20-25% petroleumcoke and a binder (wood tar, asphalt,etc.), sometimes with added catalysts (e.g.,Mn02), and briquetted [144]. The briquettesare stacked in the lower part of a brick-linedchlorination tower over a layer of carbonwhich acts as an electrode, and are reactedwith chlorine at 500-850 C. The chlorine gasis heated to ca. 1000 C by the resistance-heated carbon bed and then reacts exothermically with the rutile and carbon in the briquettes.The process can also be carried out in twostages, in the first ofwhich rutile is reduced bycarbon at 1200-1400 C to give titanium carbideand titanium monoxide. The latter reactswith chlorine more readily than rutile.Since ca. 1950, chlorination has been carried out almost exclusively by the fluidizedbedprocess because of its higher reaction rateand improved heat transfer, and also becauseof the shortage of briquetting facilities. Also,higher temperatures (ca. 1000C) can beachieved. After the reaction has started at ca.600C no further external heat supply is necessary.Apart from the benefit of continuousoperation, fluidized-bed chlorination has thefurther advantage ofbeing less sensitive to impuritiesin the rutile or the carbon. The conversionof chlorine is 95100%, of rutile titanium90-95 %, and of carbon 95 %.ilmenite is now less often used as startingmaterial, because of excessive chlorine consumptiondue to formation of iron(III) chloridefor which there is little demand and fromwhich chlorine can only be recovered at highcost. Furthermore, in spite ofits higher boilingpoint, FeC13 is entrained by the TiC14 vaporand is deposited in the coolers as a powder, itssolubility in liquid TiC14 being only 0.03%[145].In contrast to the ilmenitetreatment process,the ~reatment of TiO,-rich slags containing< 10% iron is increasmg in importance: Asthese materials contain lower oxides

of titanium,they react with chlorine at lower temperaturesand require less carbon than rutile[146]. However, compared with rutile, problems are caused by the higher iron content ofthese slags and their alkaline earth metal content.Calcium and magnesium are converted totheir chlorides, which are molten at the reaction temperature and coat the surface of thebriquettes in the fixed-bed process, preventingchlorine from penetrating. In the fluidized-bedprocess, the continuous addition of an inertbed (sand) can give good gas distribution anddilution of the chlorides, so that with continu-!I Titanium ous removal of residues, slags containing up to6% calcium or magnesium can be treated.The use of other reducing orchlorinatingagents (CO, COC12, CC14, sulfur chlorides)and other methods of producing TiC14 has notachieved industrial importance. For example,the electrolysis of a chloride melt using titaniumcarbide anodes has been proposed [147].The most promising process seems to be to digestilmenite with sulfuric acid and precipitatepotassium hexachlorotitanate from the sulfatesolution after removal of iron. On heating, thisdecomposes to form TiC14 vapor and KCl,which is returned to the process [148]. Separation and Purification of Titanium Tetrachloride. In the chlorination of rutilethe reaction products are gaseous,consistin~of TiC14 and CO, with small amounts of CO2,phosgene (COCLz), and other metal chlorides.The gases leaving the chlorination reactorare cooled by heat exchangers and by spraying with titanium tetrachloride, and the iron(III)chloride that precipitates at 150C is scrubbedout by the TiC14 [149]. Further cooling causesthe titanium tetrachloride to condense. The yellow filtered product contains 94% TiCI4,ca. 4% solid constituents such as rutile, carqon,sulfur, and insoluble metallic chlorides,and 2% soluble metal oxide chlorides. Thechlorides include SiC14 and SnCl4 Oow-boilingsubstances), VOCl3 which has a similarboiling point (127 0c) to TiC14 (136 0C), andFeC13

and AlC13, which have higher boiling points. Other high-boiling chlorides, e.g., of calcium, manganese, magnesium, and sodium,produce unwanted deposits in the equipment.To purify TiC14 (Section 22.7.3.2 and Figure22.11), the solid constituents are first allowedto settle out. Small amounts of waterare added to precipitate aluminumasitsoxidechloride. SiC14 and SnC14 are removed by distillationat < 136C. H2S is passed in and copperpowder is added at 90C to reduce VOC13to VOC12, which precipitates. FeCI3 and AlC13 distil at> 136C. Unsaturated organic compounds,especially oleic acid, promote good1161separation of chromium and vanadium oxychlorides [150].Dissolved chlorine can be removed by simplyheating or by heating with metal powders(iron, copper, or tin). Purification with H,Scan also be carried out continuously in a fluidizedbed of silica sand or iron sulfide at 140300C. The impurities then form solid productswhich can be continuously removed fromthe fluidized be.The purified titanium tetrachloride containsonly 0.002% V20 5, and is fractionally to remove residual phosgene and SiC14. The purity of the TiC14 is 99.9% min.
Electrowinning of Titanium

The high affinity of titanium for o;',:ygenand hydrogen together with its electrode potential(TilTi2+ = -1.75 V) prevents its depositionfrom aqueous solution [173J. Hence onlymolten salt electrolysis can be used.Titanium dioxide is almost insoluble (0.070.02%)in molten chlorides of alkali metalsand alkaline earth metals. It is soluble (ca~8%) in sodium and potassium fluorides and inpotassium hexafluorotitanate (ca. 14%)[174]. However, attempts to electrolyze theoxide in halide melts (in analogy to aluminumproduction) only produced lower titanium oxides[175]. Thus only titanium halides are suitablestarting materials for molten saltelectrolysis. Titanium tetrafluoride combines with alkali metal and alkaline earth metalfluoridesoform complex hexafluorotitanates. Thesecompounds decompose below their melting1165points with vaporization of titanium tetrafluoride.They can only be used in molten saltelectrolysis as components of a low-meltingmolten salt bath containing other diluent salts[176]. Special problems arise in molt~n salt electrolysis with graphite electrodes due to theanode effect. Although this can be counteractedby controlled addition of oxides to thesalt bath, oxygen pick-LIp by the titanium metalproduced must be prevented by using lowtemperatures, by separating the anode spacefrom the cathode space, and by avoiding turbulence

in the electrolyte [177].Although titanium tetrachloride is insolublein molten alkali and alkaline earth metalcWorides, stable molten electrolytes can beobtained by using lower titanium cWorides.These can be produced directly from titaniumtetrachloride in the electrolytic cell, but theyreact with thecWorine liberated at the anode toreform titanium tetracWoride, which thenevaporates. This can be avoided by using a porous,basket-shaped cathode into which the titanium tetrachloride is fed, as the electrolyte(e.g., an NaCI-SrCI2 eutectic) can then be keptfree oflower titanium chlorides [178, 179].The problems of electrolyte compositionand the anode effect can be completely solvedby using soluble anodes, as in this case nochanges to the electrolyte occur and no gas isemitted at the ano.de, at least at low current densities [180]. Soluble anodes can be made ofcrude titanium, titanium scrap, and titanium compounds such as titanium carbide, sometimes mixed with titanium monoxide [181, 182J and titanium nitride [183J, which can be produced directly from titanium ores.

Titanium - Applications
Topics Covered
Background Aerospace Applications Jet Engines Airframes Industrial Applications Power Generation Chemical Processing Petroleum Other Industries Emerging Applications Computer Industry Automotive Industry Geothermal Power Composites Specialised Applications Human Implants Armour Applications Other Applications

Background
Titanium is absolutely immune to environmental attack, regardless of pollutants. Where other architectural metals exhibit limited lifespan, titanium endures. It withstands urban pollution, marine environments, the sulphur compounds of industrial areas and is failure-proof in even more aggressive environments. Because it is the most noble metal, the coupling of titanium with dissimilar metals does not accelerate galvanic corrosion of the titanium. These properties make titanium perfect for use in many applications.

Aerospace Applications
Since the advent of the jet engine, titanium has been used in new alloys and production techniques to meet ever tighter standards for high-temperature performance, creep resistance, strength, and metallurgical structure. Through triple melting, or in some cases, electron beam cold hearth melting, the highest quality titanium metal alloys are achieved. These alloys are used in aerospace applications such as engines and airframes.

Jet Engines
Titanium is used for critical jet engine rotating applications. In the newest technology jet engines, wide chord titanium fan blades increase efficiency while reducing noise.

Airframes
In the airframe structural market, innovative alloys replace steel and nickel alloys in landing gear and nacelle applications. These substitutions enable airframe manufacturers to save weight and improve aircraft efficiency. Aircraft quality plate and sheet are hot-rolled from forged slab. To achieve critical plate flatness vacuum creep flattening is used. Superplastic forming/diffusion bonding has led to increased use of titanium alloy sheet in new airframe designs. Aircraft quality strip, in commercially pure grades and beta alloys is produced in coil form with continuous vacuum annealing assuring extremely low hydrogen content. With each new design, commercial aircraft manufacturers increase the use of titanium in airframes.

Industrial Applications
The uses for titanium in industry are growing faster than ever before as more and more engineers are discovering it can reduce lifecycle costs across a broad range of equipment and processes.

Titanium has an exceptionally high strength to weight ratio. Titanium's favourable density (approximately half that of ferrous and nickel based metals) means that when equipment costs are calculated on a per unit area of measure basis, rather than per pound, the differential cost of material required narrows dramatically. In other words, about half as much titanium is required to do the same job, based on strength, or the same weight of titanium will go twice as far. Further closing the gap, when applied properly, titanium requires no corrosion allowance; pressure and structural requirements for the system are the only criteria for specifying wall thickness. Any remaining higher up front costs are almost always recouped in multiple due to increased production time and reduced maintenance. Titanium forms a very tenacious surface oxide layer, which is an outstanding corrosion inhibitor. In many harsh environments it can outlast competing materials as much as 5:1. Lower failure rates translate to less downtime, reduced maintenance and total lower cost. As a result, titanium has found a home in numerous industries ranging from power generation to chemical processing to desalination plants.

Power Generation
In power generating plants, where saline, brackish or polluted waters are used as the cooling medium, titanium thin wall condenser tubing will last for the life of the condenser (with a 40year warranty against failure under proper conditions) and eliminate the need for a corrosion allowance.

Chemical Processing
Many chemical processing operations specify titanium to increase equipment life. It offers lifecycle cost advantages over copper, nickel and stainless steel grades, while providing initial cost advantages over materials such as high nickel alloys, tantalum and zirconium.

Petroleum
In petroleum exploration and production, titanium pipe's light weight and flexibility make it an excellent material for deep sea production risers. In addition, titanium's immunity to attack by sea water makes it the preferred material for topside water management systems. It is used on existing platforms in the North Sea and many more projects are in the planning stages. And since it shows virtually no corrosion in salt water, titanium is also the material of choice in desalination plants worldwide.

Other Industries
Titanium alloys are used in dozens of other industrial purposes, such as flue gas desulphurisation for pollution control, PTA plants for polyester production, pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and hydrometallurgial autoclaves. Each grade is tailored to specific operating conditions,

emphasizing strength for different pressures, alloy content for different corrosive agents and ductility for different fabrication requirements.

Emerging Applications
Pursuing, developing and supporting new uses for titanium is a priority for the titanium industry. This includes help for companies that are developing new uses for titanium, by providing dependable metal supply, advanced metallurgical design and expertise, and in some cases capital support.

Computer Industry
In the computer industry, titanium is a promising substrate for hard disk drives. Compared to aluminium, which is the primary material currently used, titanium provides significant advantages. Its non-magnetic properties prevent interference with the data storage process; its ability to withstand heat allows higher temperatures during the coating process, which improves manufacturing rates; and the purity of titanium permits closer read/write head tolerances, increasing disk capacity.

Automotive Industry
In the automotive industry, uses are being developed for titanium in the automotive/motorcycle after markets and racing market. Engine parts such as connecting rods, wrist pins, valves, valve retainers and springs, rocker arms and camshafts, to name a few, lend themselves to fabrication from titanium, because it is durable, strong, lightweight and resists heat and corrosion. While titanium initially may be more expensive for these applications, designs that exploit its unique characteristics yield parts that more than pay for themselves with better performance and a longer life. An all-titanium exhaust system is also being developed to reduce weight and increase longevity. Use of titanium on production vehicles is also being evaluated for engine parts to improve efficiencies and suspension springs to increase interior space.

Geothermal Power
There are new opportunities in geothermal power generation, where highly caustic steam released from the earth is captured to generate electricity. The low lifecycle cost of titanium in these applications provides significant savings compared to competing materials.

Composites
Titanium is being widely used in metal matrix composites. As the cost of fabricating these exceptionally strong, lightweight components declines, their popularity and the utilization of titanium will grow.

Specialised Applications
Promoting unique, non-traditional uses for titanium Titanium's unique combination of attributes light weight, high strength, biocompatibility, and durability in extreme environments - make it an excellent material for a variety of non-traditional applications.

Human Implants
Titanium is completely inert to human body fluids, making it ideal for medical replacement structures such as hip and knee implants. Titanium actually allows bone growth to adhere to the implants, so they last longer than those made of other materials. Reconstructive titanium plates and mesh that support broken bones are also commonly used today.

Armour Applications
High strength-to-weight ratio and superior ballistic properties make titanium well suited for armour applications. Used as protective armour on personnel carriers and tanks, it makes the vehicles much lighter, increasing mobility of the force. Personal armour vests and helmets for police made from titanium are far lighter and more comfortable than those made from competing materials.

Other Applications
Titanium is also now found in a wide variety of consumer products such as jewellery, watch cases, eyeglasses, bicycles and clocks. The golf industry has found that lightweight titanium club heads can be bigger than those made of steel, enlarging the "sweet spot" of the club and thus increasing distance and accuracy.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
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