March 2008

doc.: IEEE 802.15-<08/0114-02>

Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Submission Title: [Visible Light Communication : Tutorial] Date Submitted: [9 March 2008] Source: [(1)Eun Tae Won, Dongjae Shin, D.K. Jung, Y.J. Oh, Taehan Bae, Hyuk-Choon Kwon, Chihong Cho, Jaeseung Son, (2) Dominic OBrien (3)Tae-Gyu Kang (4) Tom Matsumura] Company [(1)Samsung Electronics Co.,LTD, (2)University of Oxford, (3)ETRI (4) VLCC (28 Members)] Address [(1)Dong Suwon P.O. Box 105, 416 Maetan-3dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-742 Korea, (2) Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom, (3) 161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea] Voice:[(1)82-31-279-5613,(3)82-42-860-5232], FAX: [(1)82-31-279-5130], E-Mail:[(1)[email protected], (2) [email protected], (3)[email protected]] Re: [] Abstract: [The overview of the visible light communication (VLC), application scenarios and demonstrations in the various are presented in this document. The research issues, which should be discussed in the near future, also are presented.] Purpose: [Tutorial to IEEE 802.15] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.
Submission

Visible Light Communication

- Tutorial -

2008. 03. 17 Samsung Electronics Samsung Electronics ETRI ETRI VLCC VLCC University of Oxford University of Oxford

Outline
Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI) VLC introduction
LED introduction VLC potential application

Part 2 (VLCC)
Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization

Part 3 (University of Oxford)

VLC components Technical challenges

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VLC introduction
VLC (Visible Light Communication)
: New communication technology using Visible Light.

Visible Light
: Wavelength between ~400nm (750THz) and ~700nm (428THz)

General Characteristic
Visibility : Aesthetically pleasing Security : What You See Is What You Send. Health : Harmless for human body Unregulated : no regulation in optical frequency Using in the restricted area : aircraft, spaceship, hospital Eye safety
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VLC history
~ 800 B.C. 405 B.C. 280 B.C. 1800s 1880 1900s Current

Sunlight Sunlight

Heliograph

Photophone By Bell

Fire Fire

Beacon Fire

Pharos Lighthouse

Burning Kite In Battle

Lamp Lamp

Ship-to-ship Comm.

Traffic Light /Signboard Light

LED LED

VLC VLC
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VLC history - Low speed

Information delivery using mirror reflection (Heliograph) The use of fire or lamp Beacon fire, lighthouse, ship-to-ship comm. by Morse code

Traffic light : R/G/B color multiplexing (Walk/Stop)

Morse code

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VLC history - Photophone

Bells Photophone (1880) Optical source : sunlight Modulation : vibrating mirror Receiver : parabolic mirror Distance : 700 ft (213m)

http://www.freespaceoptic.com/

Excerpted from: The New Idea Self-Instructor edited by Ferdinand Ellsworth Cary, A. M. (Monarch Book Company, Chicago & Philadelphia, 1904)

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Frequency band for VLC

Low Frequency (Long wavelength) Coverage Mobility High Frequency (Short wavelength) Bandwidth Security

300MHz

10GHz

300GHz

3THz

428THz

750THz

300PHz

RF
1m 3cm 1mm 100m

IR

visible
700nm 400nm

UV
1nm

IG-THz
802.11 802.16 802.15.3c IrDA

IG-VLC

IG-THz : 300 GHz to 10 THz (contribution 15-07-0623-01) 802.15.3c : 57 GHz to 64 GHz IrDA : 334THz(900nm) to 353THz (850nm) 7/77

VLC Characteristics
480M

100M

UFIR

UWB

Data rate (bps)

50M

802.11a 802.11b VLC

16M

VFIR FIR FIR SIR

1 2 3

4M

Bluetooth ZigBee
6 11 20 50 8/77

115K

Distance (m)

VLC vs. RF Characteristics

Property
Bandwidth EMI Line of Sight Standard Hazard Mobile To Mobile
Visibility (Security) Power Consumption Distance Visibility (Security)

VLC
Unlimited, 400nm~700nm No Yes Beginning (IG-VLC) No Yes Relatively low Short Yes LED Illumination Limited Narrow

RF
Regulatory, BW Limited High No Matured Yes No Medium Medium No Access Point Yes Wide

Infra to Mobile

Infra Mobility Coverage

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VLC motivation
Communication community trend
Ubiquitous (Connected anywhere, anytime) Security

LED trend
LED technical evolution (efficiency, brightness) LED illumination infra

Environmental trend
Energy saving No E-smog

Intrinsic characteristic of VLC

Visibility No interference / No regulation

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Outline
Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI)
VLC introduction

LED introduction
VLC potential application

Part 2 (VLCC)
Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization

Part 3 (University of Oxford)

VLC components Technical challenges

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LED technical evolution

Performance and Price comparison
2003 100 LED 2005 Cost / Brightness ratio 10 LED

2010 LED 1 Halogen Lamp Incandescent Lamp 0 Fluorescent Lamp HID (High-Intensity Discharge) 50 Brightness / Power ratio 100 2015 LED

150
Source: Credit Suisse, 2006.11.2 12/77

LED driver (environmental perspective)

Environment protection
Kyoto Protocol : CO2 emission regulation RoHS : Hg-free bulb WEEE : Producer responsibility

Energy saving
Electricity in Korea 278 TWh(2002), 7.2 % of USA 20% for Lighting : 55.6 TWh 50% saving by LED : 27.8TWh Energy Saving Effect: 3 Nuclear Stations (1GW/day) 2 B$/year

Source: KOPTI (The Korea Photonics Technology Institute)

RoHS : Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance WEEE : Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 13/77

LED Market Forecast

LED market comparison with NAND, DRAM

LED

CAGR :15%

NAND, DRAM
29 billion $ 29.2 billion $

11 billion $ 6.3 billion $

LED LED

LED

12.4 billion $

DRAM

NAND

2002

2010

2017

2006

2006
Source: Deutsche Bank, 2007. 2

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LED application

Illumination
General Lighting Office Lighting Street Lighting

Display
Mobile device LCD BLU LED display

Applications

Economical LED efficiency Others

Medical Communication

ITS
Head/tail light Traffic signal

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LED modulation characteristics

B + Phosphor LED

R+G+B LED

RCLED

~40 Mbps

~100 Mbps

~500 Mbps

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Outline
Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI)
VLC introduction LED introduction

VLC potential application Part 2 (VLCC)

Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization

Part 3 (University of Oxford)

VLC components Technical challenges

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Indoor application
LED Illumination Infrastructure

Ubiquitous Fixed-to-Infra Mobile-to-Infra

Mobile-to-Fixed

Mobile-to-Mobile Security
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Requirements (Indoor application)

Mobile to Mobile Link Reach Rate Application Bi-direction ~1m ~100Mbps Contents sharing Mobile to Fixed Bi-direction ~1m ~100Mbps File transfer Video streaming M-commerce Mobile to Infra Bi or Uni ~3m ~10Mbps Indoor navigation LBS Networked robot Fixed to Infra Bi or Uni ~3m ~10Mbps Data broadcast

Alternative

IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB

IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB

WLAN

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Outdoor application
Outdoor advertising Traffic control Infrastructure

Vehicle-to-Infra

Vehicle-to-Vehicle

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VLC application evolution

LED penetration
Mobile Display Sign ITS Illumination

100Mbps Indoor

10Mbps Outdoor

10Mbps Indoor

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Indoor navigation scheme

Uni-direction Bi-direction Hybrid Hot spot

Link

Rx

TRx

Rx

Rx

Rate Infra

Down : ~10kbps Lighting with optical ID

Down : ~10Mbps Up : ~100Mbps Lighting with optical ID Receiver In-building network Routing server Receiver Transmitter

Down : ~10kbps Up : ~10Mbps Lighting with optical ID RF access point In-building network Routing server Receiver RF connectivity

Down(light) : ~10kbps Down(HS) : ~100Mbps Lighting with optical ID Hot spot

Mobile

Receiver Large storage Map info Routing software

Receiver Large storage Routing software

Other service

LBS Ad-hoc connection

LBS

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Demonstrations
Mobile to Mobile (100Mbps,Samsung) Tx, Rx (~30Mbps, Univ.of Oxford) LED array (~1Gbps, Keio Univ.)

High speed

Music broadcasting (6Mbps, Univ. of Oxford)

Infra to Mobile (10Mbps, Tamura Inc.)

Sign board (10Mbps, Samsung)

Infra to Mobile (LAN) (4Mbps, Samsung)

Audio transmission (100kbps, Hongkong Univ.)

Infra to Mobile, VLCC (Keio Univ., NEC, Toshiba, Sony, Matsushita, Casio etc. ) (4.8kbps, illuminations, visible light ID, sign board, applications based on JEITA)

Low speed
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VLC Demonstrations
Mobile to mobile Infra to mobile Infra to mobile

100 Mbps, 1m Bidirection

20 Mbps, 3m Unidirection

4 Mbps, 3m Bidirection
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Mobile-to-mobile demo
What You See Is What You Send (WYSIWYS) 120 Mbps, 1m, Full duplex File transfer and video streaming PDA/UMPC

Spot @ 30 cm

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Infra-to-mobile (uni-direction)
RGB WDM transmission 20 Mbps, 3m, Uni-direction Information broadcast from sign board

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Infra-to-mobile (bi-direction)
TDMA-based P2MP 4 Mbps, 3 m, bi-direction Secure indoor LAN

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Summary (Part 1)
VLC introduction
VLC history Motivation

LED introduction
LED technical evolution LED market forecast LED application LED modulation characteristics

VLC potential application

Application category Indoor : Navigation, High-speed connectivity Outdoor : ITS, Advertising Demonstration
Demonstration overview Mobile-to-mobile Infra-to-mobile
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Outline
Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI)
VLC introduction LED introduction VLC potential application

Part 2 (VLCC)
Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization

Part 3 (University of Oxford)

VLC components Technical challenges

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Visible Light Communications Activities

Tom Matsumura
Secretary General VLCC (Visible Light Communications Consortium)

President Nakagawa Laboratories, Inc.

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Contents
Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communic ations Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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VLCC Member Companies

Participation from various industries such as telecommunications companies, lighting companies, LED makers, electric power companies, electronics makers, etc.

The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. KDDI R&D Laboratories NEC Corporation Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. The Nippon Signal Co., Ltd. Information System Research Institute Toshiba Corporation Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Avago Technologies Japan, Ltd. Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Sony Corporation NTT DoCoMo, Inc. Casio Computer Co., Ltd. NEC Communication Systems, Ltd.

NEC Lighting, Ltd. Nakagawa Laboratories, Inc. Fuji Television Oi Electric Co., Ltd. Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd. Wasshoi Co., Ltd. MoMoAlliance Co., Ltd. Tamura Corporation Nitto Denko Corporation Sharp Corporation Coast Guard Research Center Comtech 2000 Outstanding Technology Rise Corporation

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Characteristic of the Visible Light Communications

A lighting is used as a communication facility. VLC is harmless for our health as well as our daily circumstances. And, its ecological-conscious ! A friendly user interface The visible light communications do not have any regulations such as the radio communication system. VLC has an affinity to the power line communication.

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Field experiments and demonstrations for the visible light communications system

A sound communication system (analog system) A sound communication system (digital system) Visible light ID system (digital system) High-speed data transmission system (digital system)
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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A sound communication system (analog system)

Amusement Use

Photo by Yoshio Miyairi

Exhibition in Yokohama National Gallery

Illumination are synchronized with music sounds, which are transmitted through the lights(bottom) by VLC to the audience.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

The state of the daytime art object

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A sound communication system (analog system)

Music sounds are transmitted through visible lights (RGB) independently.
(i.e. R:Drum, G:Bass, B:Piano)

Music sounds can be controlled through their combination.

i.e. B:Piano only, R&G: Drum and Bass, White(RGB):Drum, Bass, Piano altogether)

RGB Music Sound System

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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A sound communication system (digital system)

Music sounds are transmitted through RGB lights (Each RGB light has a different sound; guittar, keyboard, etc.

Prototype presented by SONY and Agilent Technologies

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Visible light ID system

Merchandise information distribution system

The product information is acquired by the visible light receiver on the shopping cart.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

Prototype presented by NEC and Matsushita Electric Works

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Visible light ID system

The neighbor information distribution system from a traffic light

A signal is red.
Please cross a street and turn to the right, which leads to Sunshine 60 Building.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Visible light ID system

Indoor Navigation System

The lighting can be used as a visible light ID system, which informs an exact location (for example, A corner of Room Number 123, ABC Building, etc). The each light has a different ID, which shows a different exact location. This positioning system can be used even in the underground subway station, shopping mall etc, where GPS is not accurately used. The system is also very convenient for the emergency use. (Indoor Navigation System). This is used inside hospitals, too. Other data are also obtained using the Internet access by a cellular phone based on ID.

Prototype presented by NEC and Matsushita Electric Works

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Visible light ID system

The guidance system using sign light

Prototype presented by Shimizu Corporation , NEC and NEC Lighting, Ltd.

Information is received from LED sign light.

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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10Mbps VLC Wireless LAN System

Presentation at IT Pro Expo 2008

Visible Light Communications Consortium

Poster Display
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Approach to Commercialization

At Nakagawa Laboratories Inc., VLC ID system products are developed for commercialization.

The traffic-diagram-research system for stores

In a supermarket, many visible light ID lamps are set in the passages, and a visible light ID receiver is attached to a shopping cart.

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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The outline of traffic diagram research

ID lamp allocation

The store , where the field experiments are made.

Store space :1,711 (Fujiya Store in Shizuoka, Japan)
Shelf space allocation ID lamp allocation

Surrounding shelf Inside shelf Cash register

Ceiling lamp Floor lamp

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Visible light ID transmitter

A ceiling lamp type

A floor lamp type

A floor lamp type on freezer

A floor lamp type on cash register

Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Visible light ID receiver

Memory card

Photo diode

Attached to the bottom of a shopping cart

The state that reversed a shopping cart

IDs (Exact Position and Time) are accumulated in a memory card when the shopping cart goes through the passages.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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ID Transmitting Area
Surrounding Shelf ID Transmitter (ceiling lamp) Inside Shelf

ID Transmitter (floor lamp)

Ceiling Lamp Allocation

ID Transmitting Area by ceiling lamp

ID Transmitting Area by floor lamp

Visible Light Communications Consortium

Lighting by Ceiling Lamp

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Traffic Data Single)

Traffic ( Movement)

Traffic (Time)

Traffic Speed Slow Fast

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Traffic Data (Plural)

Traffic (Movement)

Traffic (Time)

Average Speed Slow Fast

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Client/POS Data linked with Traffic Data

Client Member Card

Cash Register

ID Transmitter ID Receiver

Client data can be linked with the traffic data. POS data can be also linked with the traffic data.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Summary Visible Light Communications is the best system for an ecological and human health, and can use the established retro-system including the lighting facility as well as power line system. This system is also free from the current radio regulation. Visible Light ID System (which is already standardized by JEITA: Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association) is good for Indoor Navigation system as well as Indoor Traffic-research system linked with POS/Client data.
Visible Light Communications Consortium

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Outline
Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI)
VLC introduction LED introduction VLC potential application

Part 2 (VLCC)
The revolution of the lighting Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization

Part 3 (University of Oxford)

VLC components Technical challenges

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Visible Light Communications

Dominic OBrien, University of Oxford, [email protected] Contributions from Communications Group at Oxford

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Overview
> Visible Light Communications
> Transmitter > Channel > Receiver

> Technical challenges

> Higher bandwidth > Enabling mobility and reliability

> Conclusions

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VLC Sources
> Blue LED & Phosphor
> Low cost > Phosphor limits bandwidth > Modulation can cause colour shift

> RGB triplet

> > > > Higher cost Potentially higher bandwidth Potential for WDM Modulation without colour shift

Single chip LED spectrum

RGB LED spectrum

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LED Modulation
> Opto-electronic response
0 W h ite r e s p o n s e B lu e r e s p o n s e

V
Rs

Vd

-5

d B ) R e l a ti v e r e s p o n s e (

Cd

-1 0

SPICE Model

Cs

-1 5

Rs = 0.9727 L = 33.342 nH Cs = 2.8 nF Cd = 2.567 nF tt = 1.09 ns

-2 0

Luxeon LED

-2 5 0

1 0

2 0 fr e q ( M H z )

3 0

4 0

5 0

Measured LED small-signal bandwidth

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Improvement of LED response

> Using blue-response only (blue filtering)
1 0 . 9 0 . 8 0 . 7 0 . 6 n o r m a li s e d ) 0 . 5 0 . 4 0 . 3 0 . 2 0 . 1 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 W a v e le n g th ( 6 0 0 n m ) 6 5 0 7 0 0 7 5 0 8 0 0

~130 ns

I n te n sity (

Blue filtering

~25 ns

Measured optical spectrum

> >

Measured impulse response

Issue: Only 10% of signal power is recovered Reducing SNR, link distance LEDs with more blue energy [1] could be used to gain more filtered power, however the balance of white colour is shifted

[1] Grubor, J., et al., "Wireless high-speed data transmission with phosphorescent white-light LEDs", Proc. ECOC 07 (PDS 3.6), pp. 1-2. ECO [06.11], 16-20 Sep. 2007, Berlin, Germany

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Improvement of channel response

> Receiver equalisation

Fitting falling time curve

Equalization

Measured LED impulse response

Improved LED transmission BW

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Improvement of LED bandwidth

> Pre-equalization: Resonant driving circuit
0

Resonant capacitor
d B )

-5 -1 0

High-speed buffer Network Analyser DC arm of Bias Tee

3.3342e-008H

R e s p o n s e n o r m a li s e d t o m a x i m u m (

Luxeon LED

-1 5

-2 0 -2 5 -3 0 C = 1 0 6 8 3 3 6 8 2 2 0 0 0 p 0 p p F 0 0 p F w h ite p F w h ite F w h ite F w h ite w h ite

DC bias current from Laser driver

A single resonant driving circuit

-3 5 -4 0 0

1 0

2 0 F r e q u e n c y (

3 0 M H z )

4 0

5 0

0 -10 0 -20 Transmission (dB) -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100

10

20

30

40

50

60

Multiple resonant points (normalized)

Bandwidth (MHz)

Bandwidth of 16 LED source

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Channel modelling
> Two propagation paths:
> > > Line of sight (LOS): strong paths calculated using the illumination patterns from LED arrays Diffuse: modelled by assuming the room is equivalent to an integrating sphere Channel impulse response is calculated for each point in the room

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VLC modelling

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Room Power Distribution

> Assume
> 1% modulation of typical illumination power > Typical receiver performance

> Conclusions
> Very high SNR available > SNRmin = 38.50dB > SNRmax = 49.41dB > Modulation limited by source bandwidth

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Noise sources
> Optical noise
> Daylight > Generates DC photocurrent > Blocked at receiver due to AC coupling > Creates shot noise > Other optical sources > Fluorescent, Incandescent > Creates electrical interference photocurrent harmonics > Mitigated by > Optical filtering > Wavelength is in band of desired signal > Electrical filtering

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Optical receiver
> Receiver consists of
> Optical filter > Rejects out-of-band ambient illumination noise > Lens system or concentrator > Collects and focuses radiation > Photodetector (or array of detectors) > Converts optical power to photocurrent > Incoherent detection > Preamplifier (or number of preamplifiers) > Determines system noise performance > Post-amplifier and subsequent processing
Input radiation Optical filter Optical system Photodetector

Amplifier

Output

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Optical receiver: constant radiance theorem

> Optical gain of receiver limited by required field of view

Ai Aii<=Ao Aii<=Ao2

Ao

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Receiver performance: figure of merit

> Receiver Figure of Merit (FOM)
> Fibre systems > Performance determined by sensitivity (given sufficient detector area) > FOV usually not relevant > Free space systems > Etendue crucial determinant
Detector Area A Field of view 2 Sr

Bit rate Rb

2Rb A FOM = Pmin

Receiver sensitivity Pmin

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Typical link: components Transmitter and receiver specifications

Transmitter 16 Luxeon LEDs PILLUM = 1.5W LED pitch = 60 mm IDC = 220 mA Mod-index = 0.1 45o wide-beam lens 7 resonant freq. Flat BW of 25 MHz Range L=2m Rillum = 1.5 m Rcomm = 0.5 m LLOS = 2 m Receiver Concentration lens D = 50mm F = 60mm Detection area 35 mm2 Pre-Amp Post-Amp (ampl. limiting) 2Rillum = 3 m

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Typical link: illumination Power distribution in receiving plane

Received power in dBm/cm2 4

3.5

2.5 y coordinate(m)

1.5 -25 1

-20 -25 -30 -35

0.5

-40

0.5

1.5

2 x coordinate(m)

2.5

3.5

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Typical link: BER performance

10 10 10 10
-2

Eye diagram
L = 2m L = 2.5m

-3

30 Mb/s
-4 -5

BER

10 10 10 10

-6

40 Mb/s

-7

-8

NRZ
35 40 45 50

-9

30

50 Mb/s

Data rate (Mbit/s)

System test in normal lighting condition (room filled with other high-power white light sources) Longer distance SNR penalty (BER)

Flat BW baseline wandering reduction

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Bandwidth improvement: post equalisation

> Pre- and post-equalization: single LED link

Pre-equalisation: experiment Post-equalisation: simulation

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Retro-reflecting link
> > > > Novel optical communications between reader and tag Low power (tag has no source) Long range (determined by illumination source ) Visibly secure (user can see beam of light)

Illuminating Source

Beamsplitter

Tag
Receiver

Reader

Retroreflecting Transceiver showing angle of rotation

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Future developments: optical MIMO

> RF MIMO > Scattering provides invertible H matrix and decorrelation (capacity gain) > Difficult to shape radiation pattern with small antenna > Optical MIMO > No decorrelation > Invertible H matrix achieved by system and geometry design > Simple low-cost elements (lenses) can provide high directivity and/or complex beamshaping

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MIMO VLC: simulation Model

Transmitting process

Receiving process

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MIMO VLC: simulation system

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MIMO VLC: preliminary Results

Position of the receiver Aggregate data rate is linearly proportional to the number of channels and channel rate

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Future technical challenges

>
Data rate > Equalisation > MIMO > Complex modulation

> Integration in infrastructure

> Uplink > Retro-reflecting link > RF/VLC integration

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Conclusions

>VLC offers

>Challenges

> High SNR channel > Intuitive alignment > Visibly secure channel > Integration with Wireless infrastructure > Higher performance

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