First examinations 2009
Physics
Diploma Programme
Data booklet
Diploma Programme
Physics Data booklet
First examinations 2009
International Baccalaureate Organization Buenos Aires Cardiff Geneva New York Singapore
Diploma Programme Physicsdata booklet
Published September 2007 International Baccalaureate Organization Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales GB CF23 8GL United Kingdom Phone: +44 29 2054 7777 Fax: +44 29 2054 7778 Web site: http://www.ibo.org International Baccalaureate Organization 2007 The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) was established in 1968 and is a non-profit, international educational foundation registered in Switzerland. The IBO is grateful for permission to reproduce and/or translate any copyright material used in this publication. Acknowledgments are included, where appropriate, and, if notified, the IBO will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. IBO merchandise and publications in its official and working languages can be purchased through the IB store at http://store.ibo.org. General ordering queries should be directed to the sales and marketing department in Cardiff. Phone: +44 29 2054 7746 Fax: +44 29 2054 7779 E-mail: [email protected]
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4025a
Contents
Fundamental constants Metric (SI) multipliers Unit conversions Electrical circuit symbols EquationsCore and AHL EquationsOptions SL EquationsOptions SL and HL EquationsOptions HL 1 2 3 4 5 11 13 15
Physics data booklet
Fundamental constants
Quantity Symbol Approximate value
Acceleration of free fall (Earths surface)
Gravitational constant
g G NA R k
9.81m s 2
6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2 6.02 1023 mol1 8.31J K 1 mol 1 1.38 1023 J K 1 5.67 108 W m 2 K 4 8.99 109 N m 2 C2 8.85 1012 C2 N 1 m 2 4 107 T m A 1 3.00 108 m s 1 6.63 1034 J s 1.60 1019 C 9.110 1031 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511MeV c 2 1.673 1027 kg = 1.007276 u = 938 MeV c 2 1.675 1027 kg = 1.008665 u = 940 MeV c 2 1.6611027 kg = 931.5 MeV c 2
Avogadros constant Gas constant Boltzmanns constant StefanBoltzmann constant Coulomb constant Permittivity of free space Permeability of free space Speed of light in vacuum Plancks constant Elementary charge Electron rest mass Proton rest mass Neutron rest mass Unified atomic mass unit
0 0
c h e me mp mn u
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Physics data booklet
Metric (SI) multipliers
Prefix Abbreviation Value
tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto
T G M k h da d c m n p f
1012 109 106 103 102 101 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015
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Physics data booklet
Unit conversions
1 light year (ly) = 9.46 1015 m
1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly
1 astronomical unit (AU) = 1.50 1011 m
1 radian (rad) = 180
1 kilowatt-hour (kW h) = 3.60 106 J 1 atm = 1.01105 N m 2 = 101kPa = 760 mm Hg
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Physics data booklet
Electrical circuit symbols
cell
battery
lamp
ac supply
switch
ammeter
voltmeter
variable resistor
resistor
potentiometer
light-dependent resistor (LDR)
thermistor
transformer
heating element
operational amplifier (op-amp)
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Physics data booklet
EquationsCore and AHL
Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used.
Core
AHL
Topic 1: Physics and physical measurement
If y = a b then y = a + b If y = then
ab c
y a b c = + + y a b c
AV
AH
AH = A cos AV = A sin
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EquationsCore and AHL
Core
AHL
Topic 2: Mechanics
s=
u+v t 2
2 s = ut + 1 2 at
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
F = ma
p = mv
F= p t
Impulse = F t = mv
W = Fs cos
2 EK = 1 2 mv
EK =
p2 2m
EP = mg h
power = Fv
a= v 2 4 2 r = 2 r T
Topic 3: Thermal physics
Topic 10: Thermal physics
P=
F A
PV = nRT
W = P V
Q = mcT
Q = mL
Q = U + W
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EquationsCore and AHL
Core
AHL
Topic 4: Oscillations and waves
Topic 11: Wave phenomena
2 T
x = x0 sin t ; x = x0 cos t v = v0 cos t ; v = v0 sin t
v = ( x0 2 x 2 )
2 2 2 EK = 1 2 m ( x0 x )
2 2 EK (max) = 1 2 m x0
v f = f v us
moving source moving observer
v uo f= f v f = v f c
2 2 ET = 1 2 m x0
= 1.22
v= f
n1 sin 2 v2 = = n2 sin 1 v1 path difference = n
path difference = ( n + 1 2 )
I = I 0 cos 2 n = tan
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EquationsCore and AHL
Core
AHL
Topic 5: Electric currents
2 Ve = 1 2 mv
Topic 12: Electromagnetic induction
= BA cos
I=
q t
= Bvl
R= R=
V I
= N
t
L
A
V R
2
I s Vp N p = = I p Vs N s I rms = Vrms = R= I0 2 V0 2
P = VI = I 2 R =
= I (R + r)
R = R1 + R2 +
1 1 1 = + + R R1 R2
V0 Vrms = I 0 I rms
Pmax = I 0V0 Pav = 1 2 I 0V0
Topic 6: Fields and forces
Topic 9: Motion in fields
F =G
m1m2 r2
F =k
q1q2 r2
V =
Ep m
V =
Ep q
g=
F m
E=
F q
V =
Gm r V r
V=
kq q = r 4 0 r V x
F=
q1q2 4 0 r 2
g=
E=
F = qvB sin
F = BIL sin
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EquationsCore and AHL
Core
AHL
Topic 7: Atomic and nuclear physics
Topic 13: Quantum physics and nuclear physics
E = mc2
E = hf hf = + Emax hf = hf 0 + eV p= h
n2 h2 8me L2 h 4 h 4
EK =
x p E t
N = N 0 e t A= N t
A = N = N 0 e t T1 =
2
ln 2
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EquationsCore and AHL
Core
AHL
Topic 8: Energy, power and climate change
3 power = 1 2 A v 2 power per unit length = 1 2 A gv
I=
power A total scattered power total incident power
albedo = Cs =
Q AT
power = AT 4 power = e AT 4 T =
( Iin I out ) t
Cs
10
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Physics data booklet
EquationsOptions SL
Option A: Sight and wave phenomena
v f= f v us
moving source moving observer
v uo f= f v v f = f c
= 1.22
I = I 0 cos 2
n = tan
Option B: Quantum physics and nuclear physics
E = hf
hf = + Emax hf = hf 0 + eV p= h
E t
h 4
N = N 0 e t A=
N t
n2 h2 EK = 8me L2 h x p 4
Option C: Digital technology
A = N = N 0 e t T1 =
2
ln 2
G=
RF R
G = 1+
RF R
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11
EquationsOptions SL
Option D: Relativity and particle physics
1 1 v2 c2
E t R
h 4
t = t0 L= L0
h 4 mc
E = hf
12
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Physics data booklet
EquationsOptions SL and HL
Core (SL and HL) Extension (HL only)
Option E: Astrophysics
L = AT 4
L mn
2.90 103 T (kelvin)
where 3 < n < 4
max (metres) =
d ( parsec ) = b= L 4d 2
v c
1 p ( arc-second )
v = H 0d
d m M = 5lg 10
Option F: Communications
n=
1 sin C I1 I2
G=
RF R RF R
attenuation / dB = 10 lg
G = 1+
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13
EquationsOptions SL and HL
Core (SL and HL)
Extension (HL only)
Option G: Electromagnetic waves
1 1 1 = + f v u P= m= 1 f hi v = ho u M=
min =
hc eV
2d sin = n
2nt = m
i o
2nt = ( m + 1 2)
2nt cos = m
2nt cos = ( m + 1 2 )
f M= o fe m= s= D +1 f d n d m= D f
sin =
x n = D d
x = (n + 1 2) D d
d sin = n
14
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Physics data booklet
EquationsOptions HL
Option H: Relativity
1 1
EK = ( 1) m0 c 2
v2 c2
t = t0 L= L0
2 4 E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m0 c
f g h = 2 f c 2GM c2
t0 R 1 s r
u x =
ux v uv 1 x2 c
Rs =
t =
E0 = m0c 2
E = m0c 2
p = m0u
Option I: Medical physics
IL = 10 lg I = I 0e
1 2
I I0
where I 0 = 1.0 1012 W m 2
Z = c 1 1 1 = + TE TP TB
x = ln 2
dose equivalent = absorbed dose quality factor
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15
EquationsOptions HL
Option J: Particle physics
E t
h 4
Ea2 = 2 Mc 2 E + ( Mc 2 ) 2 + (mc 2 ) 2
h R 4 mc
h p
E = hf
E = mc 2 + EK
EK = 3 2 kT
16
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