Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
98 views3 pages

Symmetrical Components Explained

This document discusses using symmetrical components to calculate fault currents for unbalanced power systems. It explains that symmetrical components break the unbalanced system into three balanced components: positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence. It provides the relationships between the symmetrical components and the actual electrical system using a rotational operator. It then describes how to use symmetrical components to calculate currents for different types of faults once the sequence networks are determined. The document provides an example of a phase-to-phase fault calculation and discusses using approximate sequence impedance values when exact data is unavailable.

Uploaded by

adau
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
98 views3 pages

Symmetrical Components Explained

This document discusses using symmetrical components to calculate fault currents for unbalanced power systems. It explains that symmetrical components break the unbalanced system into three balanced components: positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence. It provides the relationships between the symmetrical components and the actual electrical system using a rotational operator. It then describes how to use symmetrical components to calculate currents for different types of faults once the sequence networks are determined. The document provides an example of a phase-to-phase fault calculation and discusses using approximate sequence impedance values when exact data is unavailable.

Uploaded by

adau
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

PRINT VERSION: Fault Calculation - Symmetrical Components

Page 1 of 3

Fault Calculation - Symmetrical Components


Posted @ 3/27/2013 7:52 AM by Steven | Files in Power Systems
For unbalance conditions the calculation of fault currents is more complex. One method of dealing with this is symmetrical components. Using symmetrical components, the unbalance system is broken down in to three separate symmetrical systems: Positive sequence where the three fields rotate clockwise Negative sequence where the three fields rotate anti-clockwise Zero sequence a single fields which does not rotate The positive sequence network rotates clockwise, with a phase and of 120 between phase as per any standard a.c. system. Negative sequence network, rotates anti-clockwise and the zero sequence network with each phase together (0 apart). - positive sequence impedance - negative sequence impedance - zero sequence impedance - earth fault impedance , , , , - unbalanced voltages - symmetrical voltages

Symbol -

Definition

-system voltage

-circuit impedance

Basic Symmetrical Component Theory


Mathematically, the relationship between the symmetrical networks and the actual electrical systems, make use of a rotational operator, denoted by a and given formally by:

PRINT VERSION: Fault Calculation - Symmetrical Components

Page 2 of 3

Perhaps more simply, the a operator can be looked at as a 120 shift operator. It can also be shown that the following conditions hold true:

By using the a operator, any unbalanced any unbalance three phase system Va, Vb, Vc can be broken down into three balanced (positive, negative and zero sequence) networks V1, V2, V0.

Unbalanced Network

Symmetrical Network

The operator a, is the unit 120 vector: a = 1|120. Note: a3=1 and a-1 = a2

Fault Solutions
Once the sequence networks are know, determination of the magnitude of the fault is relatively straight forward. The a.c. system is broken down into it's symmetrical components as shown above. Each symmetrical system is then individually solved and the final solution obtained by superposition of these (as shown above). For the more common fault conditions, once the sequence networks are known we can jump directly to the fault current. During a fault and letting Un, be the nominal voltage across the branch, use of symmetrical components give the following solutions (excluding fault impedance):

three phase

Type of Fault

Initial Fault Current

Comments

phase to phase phase to phase phase to phase to earth

Note: the example given assumes a phase to phase fault between L2 and L3 (then shorted to earth)

Sequence Impedance Data


Positive, negative and zero sequence impedance data is often available from manufacturers.

PRINT VERSION: Fault Calculation - Symmetrical Components

Page 3 of 3

A common assumption is that for non rotating equipment the negative sequence values are taken to be the same as the positive. Zero sequence impedance values are closely tied to the type of earthing arrangements and do vary with equipment type. While it is always better to use actual data, if it is not available (or at preliminary stages), the following approximations can be used:
Element Transformer Z(0)

No neutral connection Yyn or Zyn Dyn or YNyn Dzn or Yzn


Rotating Machine

(infinity) 10 to 15 x X X 0.1 to 0.2 x X


(1)

(1)

(1)

Synchronous Asynchronous

Transmission Line

0.5 x Z zero 3xZ

(1)

(1)

Approximate Zero Sequence Data (source: Schneider)

Related Notes

Fault Calculations - Introduction

You might also like