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Crystallinity in Polymers-1

This document discusses various methods for determining crystallinity in polymers, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilatometry, wide-angle x-ray scattering/diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. DSC is a common method that measures changes in heat flow to determine crystallinity based on melting point and heat of fusion. Dilatometry measures changes in specific volume with temperature. X-ray diffraction analyzes diffraction patterns to determine crystal structure. Each method has advantages and limitations, so a combination is often best to fully characterize crystallinity in polymers.

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189 views19 pages

Crystallinity in Polymers-1

This document discusses various methods for determining crystallinity in polymers, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilatometry, wide-angle x-ray scattering/diffraction, and polarized optical microscopy. DSC is a common method that measures changes in heat flow to determine crystallinity based on melting point and heat of fusion. Dilatometry measures changes in specific volume with temperature. X-ray diffraction analyzes diffraction patterns to determine crystal structure. Each method has advantages and limitations, so a combination is often best to fully characterize crystallinity in polymers.

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anbuchelvan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Crystallinity in Polymers

Brandon Rawlings February 12, 2009

Crystalline Structures
Single Crystals Polymer Spherulites

Sharmistha Datta & David J. W. Grant, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3, 4242-57 (January 2004)

Physical State Transitions


Amorphous Polymer Crystalline Polymer Liquid Liquid Tm

Increasing Temperature

Gum

Flexible Thermoplastic

Rubber Tg

Tg

Glass

Crystalline Structures
Spherulite Morphology Re-entry Folding and Re-entry

Youyong Li and William A. Goddard III Macromolecules 2002 35 (22), 8440-8455 (from Odian)

Crystallinity by DSC
Experiment Setup

Crystallinity by DSC
Example: Crystallinity of Polyethylene
%Crystallinity = H obs f H
f

100%

Table: Heats of fusion of 100% crystalline polymers

Q: Where is my polymer in this table?

Dilatometry
Dilation or change in specific volume Computing crystallinity

Liquid of known density and thermal expansion coefficient

Polymer

%C =

vamorphous v partially crystalline vamorphous vtotally crystalline

Dilatometry
Example: Nylon How would you find the density (i.e. specific volume) of this crystal given the size and shape?
vamorphous v partially crystalline vamorphous vtotally crystalline

%C =
Youyong Li and, William A. Goddard III Macromolecules 2002 35 (22), 8440-8455

Wide angle x-ray scattering/diffraction


X-rays: light with X-rays: ~0.1wavelength ~0.110 the same 10 length scale as interatomic distances Diffraction occurs only at specific angles, given by the Bragg eqn.

n = 2d sin

X-ray Scattering Crystal Planes

n = 2d sin

Wide angle x-ray scattering/diffraction

Why 2?

What if its not a single crystal?


Polycrystalline samples look different. Example: Highly crystalline polymer with (mostly) oriented crystallites. Diffraction spots are blurred into lines.

What if its not a single crystal?


Polycrystalline samples look different. Example: Highly crystalline polymer with no orientation of crystallites. Diffraction spots are blurred into full circles.

What if its not crystalline?


Diffraction circles become much less defined and blurred. Sharpness of circles gives a clue to crystallinity.

An estimate of crystallinity
The crystallinity can be estimated by comparing the areas of the peaks due to the amorphous polymer with those of the crystalline phase: %C=A cr / (A cr + A am)

K.A. Moly et al. / European Polymer Journal 41 (2005) 14101419;

Example: Strain-induced Crystallization

S. Toki et al. / Polymer 41 (2000) 5423 5429

Other methods: IR & NMR

Ying Zheng,, Merlin L. Bruening, and, Gregory L. Baker Macromolecules 2007 40 (23), 82128219

Conclusion: A comparison
Method of Analysis Differential Scanning Calorimetry Advantages Disadvantages Fast, easy; Youre probably Need literature values of going to use DSC anyway for Tg, heat of fusion for 100% etc. crystalline polymer for comparison; thermal history an issue. A simple way to measure polymer crystallinity based on changes in volume. Can determine precise crystal structure. A quick way to see if a polymer is crystalline. Pure crystalline specific volume must be known. Difficult to analyze data, determine structure. Other factors (like strain in the polymer) can cause birefringence; difficult to quantify.

Dilatometry

X-ray scattering Polarized Optical Microscopy

Conclusion
Offshoot: A combination of methods x-ray may be the best solution (e.g. x-ray scattering, DSC) Polymer crystallinity contributes to the strength of many polymeric materials. Questions?

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