1. MEASUREMENT OF BIT ERROR RATE AIM: To measure bit error rate using binary data using MATLAB.

PROGRAM: clc; format rat; [number,ratio,individual]=biterr([1 2;3 4],[5 7],4,'overall')

OUTPUT: Number =7 Ratio =7/16 Individual = 1 2 2 2

RESULT: Hence, bit error rate is computed using MATLAB and are observed.

2. VERIFICATION OF MINIMUM DISTANCE IN HAMMING CODE

AIM: To write a program to find the minimum distance of message bits using MATLAB. PROGRAM: m=3; n=2^m-1; k=4; msg=[0 0 0 0;0 0 0 1;0 0 1 0;0 0 1 1;0 1 0 0;0 1 0 1;0 1 1 0;0 1 1 1]; code1=encode(msg,n,k,'hamming\binary'); code2=num2str(code1); code=bin2dec(code2); number1=[ ]; for i=1:8 for j=i+1:8 [number]=biterr(code(i),code(j),7); number1=[number1 number]; end; end; minidistance=min(number1) OUTPUT: minidistance =3 RESULT: Hence the minimum distance of the given message bit is calculated using MATLAB.

3. DETERMINATION OF OUTPUT OF A CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER

AIM: To determine the output of aconvolutional encoder using MATLAB PROGRAM:
%convolution Encoder;input=1bit output=2 with 3 memory elements,code %rate=1/2 %Function(encoded_sequence)=convenc(message) %text message message1=[1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0]; enco_mem=[0 0 0]; %#memory length=3; encoded_sequence=zeros(1,(length(message1))*2); enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2); enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1); enco_mem(1,1)=message1(1,1); temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2)); o1=xor(temp,enco_mem(3)) %generator polynomial=1 1 1; o2=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3));%generator polynomial=1 0 1; encoded_sequence(1,1)=o1; encoded_sequence(1,2)=o2; msg_len=length(message1); c=3; for i=2:msg_len enco_mem(1,3)=enco_mem(1,2); enco_mem(1,2)=enco_mem(1,1); if(i<=msg_len) enco_mem(1,1)=message1(1,i); else enco_mem(1,1)=0; end temp=xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(2)); o1 = xor(temp,enco_mem(3)); o2 = xor(enco_mem(1),enco_mem(3)); encoded_sequence(1,c)=o1;%generator poly=(1,1,1); c=c+1; encoded_sequence(1,c)=o2;%02 generator poly(1,0,1) c=c+1; end

OUTPUT:o1 = 1 RESULT: Hence, the output of a convolutional encoder is determined using MATLAB.

4. DETERMINATION OF OUTPUT OF A CONVOLUTIONAL DECODER AIM: To decode the message through convolution decoder using MATLAB. PROGRAM: t=poly2trellis([3],[7 5]); msg=[1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0]; code = convenc(msg,t) tb=2; decoded=vitdec(code,t,tb,'trunc','hard') output: code = Columns 1 through 11 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Columns 12 through 22 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

Columns 23 through 33 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

Column 34 1 decoded = Columns 1 through 11 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Columns 12 through 17 1 0 1 1 0 0

RESULT: Hence the encoded message is decoded using convolutional decoder using MATLAB.

5. DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

AIM: To design &generate a direct sequence spread spectrum signal using MATLAB. PROGRAM: clc; clear; %bit sequence b=round(rand(1,20)); pattern=[]; for k=1:20 if b(1,k)== 0 sig = zeros(1,6); else sig = ones(1,6); end pattern=[pattern sig]; end plot(pattern); axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]); spread_signal=round(rand(1,120)); figure,plot(spread_signal); axis([-1 130 -0.5 1.5]); title('\bf\it pseudo random bit sequence'); %xoring the pattern with the spread signal hopped_sig=xor(pattern,spread_signal); %modulating the hopped signal dsss_sig=[]; t=[0:100]; fc=0.1; c1=cos(2*pi*fc*t); c2=cos(2*pi*fc*t+pi); for k=1:120 if hopped_sig(1,k)==0 dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c1]; else dsss_sig=[dsss_sig c2]; end end figure,plot([1:12120],dsss_sig); axis([-1 12220 -1.5 1.5]); title('\bf\it dsss signal');

%plotting the fft of dsss signal figure,plot([1:12120],abs(fft(dsss_sig))); title('\bf\it fft of dsss signal');

OUTPUT:

ps eudo random bit s eque nce 1.5

0.5

-0.5

2 0

40

60

80

100

120

ds s ss ignal 1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

fft of ds s ss ignal 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

RESULT: Hence, design &generate a direct sequence spread spectrum signal using MATLAB.
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6. FREQUENCY HOPPED SPREAD SPECTRUM

AIM: To design and generate a frequency hopped spread spectrum signal using MATLAB. PROGRAM: clc; clear; %generation of bit pattern s=round(rand(1,20)); signal=[]; carrier=[]; t=[0:10000]; fc=0.01; for k=1:20 if s(1,k)==0 sig= -ones(1,10001); else sig=ones(1,10001); end c=cos(2*pi*fc*t); carrier=[carrier c]; signal=[signal sig]; end figure(1); subplot(2,1,1); plot(signal); axis([-1 200050 -1.5 1.5]); title('\bf\it original bit sequence'); %FFT figure(2); plot([1:200020],abs(fft(signal))); title('\bf\it FFT of Bpsk Modulated Signal'); % 6 carrier freq fc1=0.01; fc2=0.02; fc3=0.03; fc4=0.04; fc5=0.05; fc6=0.06; c1=cos(2*pi*fc1*t); c2=cos(2*pi*fc2*t);
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c3=cos(2*pi*fc3*t); c4=cos(2*pi*fc4*t); c5=cos(2*pi*fc5*t); c6=cos(2*pi*fc6*t); %rand freq hops spread_siganl=[]; for n=1:20 c=randint(1,1,[1 6]); switch(c) case(1) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c1]; case(2) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c2]; case(3) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c3]; case(4) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c4]; case(5) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c5]; case(6) spread_siganl=[spread_siganl c6]; end end figure(3); plot([1:200020],abs(fft(spread_siganl))); title('\bf\it FFT of Spread Signal'); freq_hopped_sig=signal.*(spread_siganl); figure(4); plot([1:200020],abs(fft(freq_hopped_sig))); title('\bf\it FFT of frequency hopped Signal');

OUTPUT:
o r i g i n a lb i ts e q u e n c e 1

1 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 1 . 2 1 . 4 1 . 6 1 . 8 2 x1 0
5

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

x 10

FFT of Bps k Modulated Signal

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5 x 10
5

10

x 10

FFT of Spread Signal

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5 x 10
5

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

x 10

FFT of frequency hopped Signal

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5 x 10
5

RESULT: Hence, designed & generated a frequency hopped spread spectrum using MATLAB.
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7.VERIFICATION OF VARIOUS TRANSFORMS

AIM: i) To Compute the DCT for an image Using MATLAB. ii) To Compute the IDCT for an image Using MATLAB.

PROGRAM: RGB=imread('autumn.tif'); I=rgb2gray(RGB); J=dct2(I); J(abs(J)<10)=0; K=idct2(J); subplot(2,2,1);imshow(RGB),title('original colour image'); subplot(2,2,2);imshow(I),title('Gray Scale image'); subplot(2,2,3);imshow(log(abs(J))),title('DCT'); subplot(2,2,4);imshow(K,[0,255]),title('IDCT');

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OUTPUT:

o rig ina l c olo ur im a ge

G ray S c a le im a ge

DCT

ID C T

RESULT: Hence, Computed the DCT of the autumn image its color and gray scale image are obtained. The IDCT of the image obtained is same as the original image computed by DCT.

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AIM: i) To Compute the FT & IFT of a given image Using MATLAB.

PROGRAM: RGB=imread('peppers.png'); I=rgb2gray(RGB); J=fft2(I); K=ifft2(J); subplot(2,2,1);imshow(RGB),title('original colour image'); subplot(2,2,2);imshow(I),title('Gray Scale image'); subplot(2,2,3);imshow(J),title('DFT'); subplot(2,2,4);imshow(K,[0 255]),title('IDFT');

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OUTPUT:
original c olour im age G ray S c ale im age

DFT

ID F T

RESULT: Hence, Computed the FT & IFT of the given image using MATLAB.

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8. POINT, LINE AND EDGE DETECTION

AIM: To write a program to detect point, line and edge detection using derivative operation using MATLAB. PROGRAM: A) Point detection I=imread('circuit.tif'); H= [1 1 1; 1 -8 1; 1 1 1]; B=imfilter(I,H); subplot (1, 2, 1), imshow (I), title ('original image'); subplot (1, 2, 2), imshow (B), title ('point detection'); B) Line detection I=imread('circuit.tif'); H1= [-1 -1 -1; 2 2 2;-1 -1 -1]; H2= [-1 2 -1;-1 2 -1;-1 2 -1]; B1=imfilter(I,H1) B2=imfilter(I,H2) subplot (2, 2, 1),imshow(I) subplot (2, 2, 2),imshow(B1) subplot (2, 2, 3),imshow(B2) C) Edge detection I=imread('circuit.tif'); BW1=edge (I,'prewitt'); BW2=edge (I,'canny'); BW3=edge (I,'sobel'); subplot (2, 2, 1),imshow(BW1); xlabel('using prewitt method'); subplot (2, 2, 2),imshow(BW2); xlabel('using canny method'); subplot (2, 2, [3:4]),imshow(BW3); xlabel('using sobel method');

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OUTPUT: a) Point detection

original image

point detection

17

b) Line detection

18

c) Edge Detection

us ing prewitt m ethod

us ing c anny m ethod

us ing s obel m ethod

RESULT: Hence point, line, & edge detection of an image is done successfully using MATLAB.

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9. IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER

AIM: To write a program to design FIR filter using MATLAB. PROGRAM:
n=10; fp=200; fq=300; fs=1000; fn=2*fp/fs; window=triang(n+1); b=fir1(n,fn,window); [n,w]=freqz(b,1,128); subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,abs(n)); title('Magnitude response of LPF'); ylabel('gain in db---->'); xlabel('normalized frequency---->'); subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angle(n)); title('Phase response of LPF'); ylabel('Angle---->'); xlabel('normalized frequency---->');

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OUTPUT:

Magnitude response of LPF 1.5 gain in db---->

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 normalized frequency----> Phase response of LPF

0.8

0.9

4 2 Angle----> 0 -2 -4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 normalized frequency---->

0.8

0.9

RESULT: Hence, the FIR filter is designed using MATLAB.

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10. IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTER

AIM: To design the IIR filter using MATLAB.

PROGARM:
wp=input('Enter passband cut-off frequency'); ws=input('Enter stopband cut-off frequency'); rp=input('Enter passband ripple in db'); rs=input('Enter stopband ripple in db'); fs=input('Enter the sampling frequency'); w1=2*wp/fs; w2=2*ws/fs; [n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'s'); w=0:0.01:pi; [n,omega]=freqs(b,a,w); gain=20*log10(abs(n)); an=angle(n); subplot(2,1,1); title('mag.response of LPF'); plot(omega/pi,gain); xlabel('normalised frequency---->'); ylabel('Gain in db'); subplot(2,1,2); title('phase response of LPF');

22

plot(omega/pi,an); xlabel('Normalised frequency---->');

ylabel('phase in radians');

OUTPUT :Enter passband cut-off frequency 1500 Enter stopband cut-off frequency 3000 Enter passband ripple in db 10 Enter stopband ripple in db 40 Enter the sampling frequency 7000

OUTPUT:

Gain in db

-50

-100

-150

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 normalised frequency---->

0.8

0.9

4 phase in radians 2 0 -2 -4

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalised frequency---->

0.8

0.9

23

RESULT: Hence, the FIR filter is designed using MATLAB.

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