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Review Past participle Forms of the present perfect Meanings of the present perfect Simple past vs. present perfect Using since and for Present perfect progressive Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect Using already, yet, still, and anymore Past perfect
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Review and Preview

PRESENT AND PAST VERBS

give take love find be

Jenna _____ is Max. loves her dog. His name __ gave Max to her. Her Jennas grandfather ____ grandfather _____ found him at an animal shelter.

Jenna _____ takes very good care her dog.

He __ is a great dog.
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4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

She has forgotten his name.

4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE

SIMPLE FORM REGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

finish stop wait

finished stopped waited

finished stopped waited

seen made put

IRREGULAR VERBS

see make put

saw made put

past perfect tense present perfect tense

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4-1 LETS PRACTICE

SIMPLE FORM

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

stop go take write

stopped went took wrote

stopped gone taken written

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

He has finished all his work.

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(a) I have worked very hard this year. (b) The students have worked hard. (c) Alex has worked very hard.
STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(d) Ive/Youve/Weve/Theyve gone home. (e) Shes/Hes gone home. (f) Its been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ve

pronoun + has =ks

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I have not gone home yet. (h) Fatima has not gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(g) I havent gone home yet. (h) Fatima hasnt gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:

have + not = havent has + not = hasnt

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(i) Have you read the report?

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(j) Has Marcy gone home? (k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :

have/has + subject + past participle

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(l)

No, I havent. I have only read a few pages.

Have you read all of this article?

SHORT ANSWER:

have/havent

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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

(m)

Has Kyung finished her homework?

Yes, she has. She did it after school.

SHORT ANSWER:

has/hasnt

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4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

you touch ever

Have you ever touched a snake? ___________________

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4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

touch never

Ive never touched No, ________________

a snake.

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4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

_________________ Has Justin ever seen a shark?

Justin see ever

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4-2 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

Yes, he ___. has He saw one near Cape Town, South Africa.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Tyler has taken his first steps.

Zoe hasnt walked by herself yet.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED

BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasnt walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl? occurred before now or sometime in the past
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasnt walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
now before now time?

X
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.

(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.

activity repeated before now, unspecified past times

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #1 (d) Mary has painted portraits many times. (e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
now before now

XXX

X
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN

IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT.

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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2 (f) Weve been working since 8 oclock. (g) I have played the violin for six years. I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it. present perfect + past present
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since for

4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

MEANING #2:

(f) Weve been working since 8 oclock.

8:00
now

x
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

Kyung has already taken the test.

MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time.

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present.
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

Ive been studying since 8 AM.

MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present
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4-3 LETS PRACTICE

Rosa has been to Italy three times.

MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time

OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

I had an angel fish when I was a child.

I have had many other fish since then.

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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(a) They completed the game at 4:00.

specific time
PRESENT PERFECT

(b) They have already completed the game.

unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.

specific time
PRESENT PERFECT

(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.

unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT

SIMPLE PAST

(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.

for activity began & ended in past

PRESENT PERFECT

since last . Monday. (f) Eli has been camping for 9 days for / since activity began & continues
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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR

UNSPECIFIED TIME

We have been in Tokyo many times.

UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT PERFECT

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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR

UNSPECIFIED TIME

Barry has never been to Tokyo.

UNSPECIFIED PRESENT PERFECT

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4-4 LETS PRACTICE

SPECIFIED OR

UNSPECIFIED TIME

Gina went to Tokyo last month.

SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

I have been here since 6:00 AM.

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(a) I have worked here

since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2006. since May 9, 2007. since yesterday. since last week.

Since

Specific point in time

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since (c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.

present progressive NOT used

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since (d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.

simple present NOT used

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.

CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.

present perfect + since (e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.

INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.

simple past NOT used

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

MAIN CLAUSE (present perfect)

SINCE-CLAUSE (simple past) since I was fifteen.

(f) I have known her

(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer. Since time clause

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(h) I have worked here

for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks. for almost two months. for many years. for a long time.

For

length of time

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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR

(i) I have worked here for twelve years.

I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it. present perfect + for + length of time past present

(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.

simple past past present
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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

3 hours she was six Mary has been playing the piano she was six since ___________. Mary has been playing the piano three hours for ___________.

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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

he started school 15 years

Alejandro has studied English he started school since ________________.

Alejandro has studied English fifteen years for __________________.

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4-5 LETS PRACTICE

for since I have driven a taxi _____ since 2006. My uncle has driven a taxi ____ for thirty years.

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Dee has been working for ten hours.

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) Dee has been working since 6 oclock. (b) She has been working for ten hours.
STATEMENT:

have/has + been + -ing

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(c) How long has she been working?

QUESTION FORM:

have/has + subject + been + -ing

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

in progress right now duration of time not mentioned

Mary has been playing the piano right now.

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(e) Mary has been playing since noon. (f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

began in past in progress right now time expressed

Mary is playing the piano since noon.

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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(g)

CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.

(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy. (i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month.

(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month.

non-action verbs

progressive tenses
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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

use

is using the phone. My sister _________

has been using it for three She _____________ hours. I need to make a call.

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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

dance

are dancing Her parents __________.

have been dancing They ________________

together for over thirty years.

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4-6 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

go

going Where are you _______for the summer holiday? going to the beach. I am ______ have been going to the beach I ______________ every summer since I was a child.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

These guys are hiking. They have been hiking for several days.

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities, action verbs PRESENT PERFECT

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.

repeated activities unspecified times in the past
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. (c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains.

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

(d) The guys have known each other for ten years.

(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years.
duration of present activities, non-action verbs

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.

OR (g) I have studied medicine for one year. same meaning

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

(h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child.

usual, habitual activities either tense okay

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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT

(i) Ive been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.

OR
Ive studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico.

usual, habitual activities either tense okay

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4-7 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT

live

How long has ___ your family ______ lived here? We __________ have lived here for ten years.

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4-7 LETS PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

live

been living here? How long has ___ your family _________ have been living here for ten years. We _____________

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

I already fed the dog.

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog.

happened before now Position: midsentence

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I havent fed him yet.

did not happen before now Position: end of sentence

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

STILL

(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasnt rained all week. It still isnt raining.

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

STILL

(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat. (d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasnt rained all week. It still isnt raining.
situation continues to exist Position: midsentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I dont work anymore. does not continue Position: end of sentence

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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE

ALREADY (a) I already fed the dog. YET (b) I havent fed him yet. ANYMORE (f) I dont work anymore. STILL (c) He is still hungry. (e) It still isnt raining.

affirmative sentences negative sentences

affirmative or negative sentences

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4-8 LETS PRACTICE

She doesnt have any money. She _______ already spent it all.

already yet still anymore

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4-8 LETS PRACTICE

I did some homework, but I still have more to do. ______

already yet still anymore

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4-8 LETS PRACTICE

We used to be friends, but we had an argument. We dont like each other ________. anymore
already yet still anymore

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

two events in the past

1st event - Past Perfect 2nd event Simple Past

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(b) The store had already closed when they arrived. FORM: had + past participle

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(c) Itd closed. Shed gone home. Hed gone home. Theyd gone home. Wed gone home. Youd gone home. CONTRACTION: I / you / she / he / it / we / they + d
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4-9 PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT
before now now

PAST PERFECT
before noon
X noon X

(d) Im not cooking now. Ive already ordered pizza. occurred before now, at an unspecified time

(e) I was not cooking at noon. I had already ordered pizza. occurred before another time in the past
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4-9 PAST PERFECT

(f) I was waiting when the pizza arrived.

(g) The pizza had arrived when he came home.

in progress at a particular time in the past

completed before a particular time in the past

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he came home

PAST PROGRESSIVE
began waiting pizza arrived

PAST PERFECT
pizza arrived

4-9 PAST PERFECT

I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. a. it started snowing ____ 2nd b. I went to bed ____ 1st

1st 2nd

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. a. store closed ____ 1st 2nd b. tried to go shopping ____

1st 2nd

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4-9 PAST PERFECT

A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday. a. the friend saw the movie ____ 1st b. the friend called ____ 2nd

1st 2nd

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