MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
What is Civil Engineering?
"...the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man*
* Institution of Civil Engineers, www.ice.org.
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
Engineering StructuresRequirements
Engineering structures have to be-SSE; Safe, Servicable, Economical These depend on a sound knowledge of materials.
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
Engineering Knowledge
The engineer should know:
1. how to select the most appropriate materials, 2. properties of materials, including mechanical properties and behavior under different environmental conditions,
3. the standard specifications relevant with selected materials,
4. the most appropriate testing method for measuring the quality of materials, and the procedures for inspecting the performance of the materials.
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
Selection of MaterialsConsiderations
-Types and properties of the available materials, -Initial and maintenance costs of the available materials, -Methods of preparation or manufacture of materials, -Methods of testing and inspection of the materials according to relevant specifications.
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
Example: Comparison of concrete pavement vs. asphalt pavement
Concrete Initial Cost Asphalt +
Useful Life
Frequency of Repair Cost of Repair Comfortability
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Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification
1. Metals : (formed by metallic bonds)
A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel) B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)
2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O, N which are formed by covalent bonding. The chains are bound to each other either by covalent bonds or Van der Waals forces.)
A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins) B. Artificial (plastics)
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Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification
3. Ceramics : (mainly aluminosilicates formed by mixed bonding, covalent and ionic)
A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes) B. Porcelains
4. Composite Materials :
A. Natural (agglomerates) B. Artificial (Portland cement concrete)
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Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification
5. Reinforced Composite Materials : (reinforced concrete, reinforced plastics)
One of the most important task of an engineer is to select the most suitable material for a given civil engineering structure.
Materials of Construction-Materials and Engineering
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1)Mechanical -Strength Compression Tension Shear Flexure Fatigue -Elasticity, elastic moduli (E, G, K) -Stress-strain relationship -Plasticity, flow -Ductility, brittleness -Hardness, wear resistance
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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
2) Physical
-Dimensions, shape, surface texture
-Density or specific gravity -Porosity -Moisture content, absorption
-Macrostructure
-Microstructure 3) Chemical -Oxide or compound composition -Acidity, alkalinity -Resistance to corrosion, sulfates, acids, etc.
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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
4) Physico-chemical -Water-absorptive or water-repellent action -Shrinkage, swelling 5) Thermal -Specific heat -Expansion -Conductivity 6) Electrical -Conductivity -Galvanic action
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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
7) Acoustical Sound transmission Sound reflection 8) Optical Color Light transmission Light reflection
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Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties define the behavior of the materials under various types of loads. The mechanical properties are affected mainly by the physical, chemical and thermal properties of the material.
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Durability of Engineering Materials
Durability is the ability of a material to resist weathering action, chemical attack, corrosion, abrasion, and other destructive forces during the useful life of the structure. The durability of materials is affected by their physical, chemical, physico-chemical, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties.
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Standard Specifications
A specification is a written detailed description of something, or of a plan or proposal for that something. Various organizations have established definitions, testing procedures and evaluation of test results of materials. These descriptions are presented as standards.
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Standardization Bodies Relevant Standards
Institutes (Agencies) Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Concrete Institute (ACI) International Standards Organization (ISO) European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Relevant Standards or Specifications Turkish Standards (TS) ASTM Specifications ACI Specifications or Recommendations ISO Standards European Norms (EN)
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Standards - Advantages
Standards, - reduce misunderstandings between the producer and the consumer, - help the manufacturer to produce more uniform and cheaper products, - allow the designers to select a materials with reasonable assurance of obtaining, - provide testing procedures for material characteristics or to evaluate the test results for accepting or rejecting the materials.
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Materials Testing
Materials may show variations in their characteristics and performance.
Therefore, testing and inspection of quality and performance of a material are of vital importance.
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References
* See course outline for references.
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