GCSE GEOGARPHY OCR B REVISION GUIDE Economic Development
THEME A What is meant by development ?
Measuring Development Development can be measured by wealth, o Richer countries are known as MEDCs (More economically developed countries, such as the UK) o Middle income countries are known as NICs (Newly Industrialised countries, such as India) o Poorer countries are known as LEDCs (Less economically developed countries such as Bangladesh) Development can be measured by HDI (Human Development Index) o This is a combination of: Life expectancy (how long youre expected to live in a country) Adult literacy (% of over 15s who can read and write) GNI (Gross National Income, how much people earn on average)
Development can be measured by Happiness! o They use this measure in Bhutan! Development can be measured by literally hundreds of other little factors such as: o Mobile phone use o Calories consumed o Birth rate/Death rate o Infant mortality rate Development can be measured by Quality of life
Aid Types of Aid: Bilateral aid This is aid given from one country to another, in the form of money, goods or services. Multilateral aid This is aid which comes from several different countries - often through international agencies such as the World Bank. Tied aid is gifts of money, goods or services that come with conditions attached. For example, the recipient country may have to agree to spend the money in particular ways introduce specific economic reforms allow companies from the donor country to set up or sell goods in the recipient country spend the money on goods and services from the donor country. Both bilateral and multilateral aid may be tied in this way. Non-governmental aid This comes from NGOs such as Save the Children, UNICEF and Oxfam, which provide money and professional support paid for by donations from members of the public across the world. This type of aid is less likely to come with any conditions attached.
Pergau Dam Case Study
Tied aid is now illegal in the UK following the UK funding of a hydroelectric dam on the Pergau River in Malaysia in 1991. The Malaysian government bought around 1 billion worth of arms from the UK at the same time.
Whats the difference between short term and long term aid? Short-term aid deals with emergencies such as the tsunami that devastated parts of Asia on Boxing Day 2004. Other disasters requiring short-term aid are earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding, drought, and wars. This type of aid brings immediate help to people - flying in food
to prevent starvation, tending the injured and sick, and trying to prevent the spread of disease. Long-term aid is required where problems are deep-rooted or cyclical. For example, the climate in some parts of Africa means that drought commonly occurs. This requires long term development to try to prevent water shortages - for example sinking a well and providing a village with a water pump so it can have permanent access to underground water. Of course, many disasters that require short-term aid also need long-term aid - for example, to rebuild houses and work-places that have been destroyed, or to provide seeds to farmers so that food can be grown the following year. Aid has to be sustainable to work
If one leg of the stool is too long or too short, the stool wont stay standing and it wont be sustainable.
Sustainable Aid
Wateraid in Mali
WaterAid's programme in Mali began in 2000 and it now works with seven partner organisations providing water, sanitation and hygiene support to communities in five out of Mali's eight regions (Tombouctou, Gao, Mopti, Segou and Koulikoro) and in the capital city, Bamako. Communities are involved in all stages of these projects, from the planning through to building, maintenance and management.
In urban areas our partners are helping to establish communal tapstands that are linked to the city's main water supplies. Community members pay a small amount to buy their water and this is used to pay for the upkeep of the water point and for the wages of trained community members who manage it.
In rural areas WaterAid's projects focus on helping communities to deepen and protect hand-dug wells and fit them with either handpumps or buckets and windlasses to ensure that the water is not contaminated. Where possible broken handpumps are also mended. The Malian Government has been extremely supportive of WaterAid's work. Credit: WaterAid / Daniel O'Leary Sanitation schemes include household latrines and school sanitation blocks.
Hygiene education is carried out in a variety of ways - one approach is community soapmaking through which women not only earn money and a new skill but also encourage good hygiene among their communities. The simple act of washing hands with soap and water at key times - such as after going to the loo and before eating - can reduce diarrhoeal diseases by over 40%.
Revolving credit schemes have also been introduced to communities and these enable women to buy buckets with lids which prevent water from becoming contaminated on the journey home. WaterAid aims to target the most vulnerable sections of society in Mali - the poorest and the most marginalised, including women, the elderly, disabled and those living with HIV/AIDS. To assist with this, research into gender was carried out in 2005 and a project has also been developed to work with disabled people. The vulnerability ranking system, initiated by WaterAid in Nigeria, has also been introduced in Mali to ensure projects are equitable. This system enables communities to decide how much each member pays for water, based on their financial situation, to ensure resources are allocated fairly.
THEME B How and why are there variations between the employment structures of different countries? Employment structure This means, the proportion of people in a country who work in each of the 4 job types: o Primary: a job collecting raw materials from the land or the sea such as a fisherman, miner or farmer o Secondary: a job making things from the raw materials such as a baker, factory worker o Tertiary: a job providing a service such as a mechanic, doctor or teacher o Quaternary: a job in research and development, such as finding a cure for cancer Work can also be described as informal and formal o Informal work, no set salary, more likely in LEDCs, making money however you can, no formal employer such as shoe shiner, rubbish tip sorter o Formal work, formally employed, monthly salary such as a teacher or a nurse We would expect to see differences in employment structures relating to development o LEDCs would have more primary workers o NICs would have more secondary workers o MEDCs would have more tertiary workers We would expect to see employment structures of countries change as they develop more
This sector model is also known as the Clarke Fisher model and it shows the changing employment structures of countries over time.
THEME C What determines the location of different economic activities? Locational factors of differing economic activity Climate Site Ready Built accommodation Similar companies nearby Market Labour Capital Access Industrial Inertia Universities Energy Water and Electricity supply Quality of life Raw Materials Component suppliers Energy Government influences Look in your exercise book, you have information on how each of these factors affects the location of industry for primary, secondary and tertiary industries.
Zambia Copper mining (primary industry)- locational factors...
Social locational factors - a large willing workforce Economic locational factors - Investment by a Chinese Company in the mine - Cheap labour by locals - Electricity supply for the mine - There is a global market for copper as it is used in all wiring Environmental locational factors - Copper ore found under the surface of the earth - driving distance from Dar Es Salaam and Cape Town for global export
You will find notes on the effects of this mine in your exercise book
Cambridge Science Park (tertiary industry)locational factors...
In your book you have a table of social, economic and environemtal factors that caused Cambridge Science Park to locate where it did. Here is a small selection Social: - close to Cambridge for pubs etc - a large selection of well qualified people from Cambridge University to employ - Greener than London, more open spaces, landscaped gardens at the park Economic - only 50 minutes train journey from london for important meetings - Cheaper housing than in LOndon Environmental - Short commute from Cambridge - Greener site
THEME D How do multinational companies affect development?
MNC (multinational company)- A corporation that has its facilities and other assets in at least one other foreign country. Sometimes referred to as transnational corporation.
Nike - a multinational company
Use your notes from the 2 videos to indicate the positive and negative effects of Nike (a multinational company) on global development.
THEME E How can economic activity affect the physical environment at a variety of scales including global
This graph shows how as countries become more developed the produce more pollution until a certain point where pollution levels go down (you have notes in your book that give you the reasons why)
Aral Sea - economic development vs environmental impact
This case study is an example of when an industrial activity caused environmental damage. In the 1970s Russia took water from 2 rivers feeding the Aral Sea in Kazahkstan/Uzbekistan. THis water was used to irrigate cotton crops which provided cotton for 70% of Russia's needs. However, the water then was not reaching the sea which devestated the local area. Socially: - People could not fish anymore, they lost their jobs - Increased levels of dust caused many health problems, particularly babies Economically: - no work, people had very little money or food
Environmentally:
- the area became hotter (with the reduced water) - Increased dust storms - Salt in the soil meant growing crops was hard YOU HAVE MUCH MORE DETAILED NOTES IN YOUR BOOK THAT YOU WILL NEED TO USE FOR REVISION OF THIS CASE STUDY.
Climate Change Economic activity can be a direct cause of climate change. You need to know the causes, consequences and solutions of this. The causes of climate change
As humans, we contribute to climate change with the following gases:
The consequences of climate change can be summarised by this list: Rising Sea levels o By thermal expansion o By melting of ice caps Growth of the tropical belt Changing patterns of rainfall Declining crop yields Impact on wildlife ( for more detail on these see pages 202 and 203 of the textbook or CDrom)
The solutions to climate change
