Geography
3 scales:
1. Word scale
2. Ratio scale
3. Linear scale
Four ways height is indicated on a map:
1. Contour line
2. Bench mark
3. Spot height
4. Trig beacon
Definitions:
● Gradient: a measure to describe the steepness of a slop or line/ the difference in height
between two places.
● Spurs: are the pieces of land that stick out between different river valleys
● Non perennial river: only flows sometimes. Usually in the rainy season.
● Globalization: the economic, social and technological exchange between countries
● Multinationals: are big companies, owned by people in medc’s that do business all over the
world they may exploit or support poorer countries.
● Subsidies: payments that governments make to producers to make their running costs
cheaper, subsidies make products cheaper to buy within a country.
● Terrain: stretch of land.
● A river valley is the low lying land over which a river flows.
Orthophoto map has a bigger scale. Its a zoomed in photograph of a specific place and shows
more detail.
Difference between steep slope and gentle slope:
•The contour pattern for a gentle slope shows the contours widely spaced
The contour pattern for a steep slope shows • •contours close together
Why are vertical photographs useful to cartographers?
● They show earths surface from the same angle as a map
Development is a process in which social, economic and environmental inputs are used to
improve the quality of peoples life
GNI/GNP- Gross National product : is the value of all goods and services produced in a country,
both domestically and abroad, in a year.
3 main aspects of development:
● social aspect
● economic aspect
● environmental aspect
Reasons why the level of development did not improve in some countries
● wars
● Rapid population growth
● Paying off large debts
● Natural and human disasters
Difference between GDP and GDP per capita:
● Gross domestic product is the value of good and services produced in a country in one
year.
● The total value of all those goods and services produced in a country divided by the
number of people in the country is called the GDP per capita.
List 3 ways in which we can measure the HDI ( human development index)
● GDP per capita
● Education
● Life expectancy
Define LEDC’s and MEDC’s
LEDC - less developed countries
MDEC - more developed countries
5 reasons for differences in development:
● historical
● Political
● Economic
● Associated with education
● Welfare
How does trade benefit a country:
● increase in the wealth and development
Briefly discuss trade imbalance:
● trade imbalance exists when exports are greater than imports and the economy suffers as
the country pays out more than it earns. Developing countries export raw materials at
lower prices than it costs to buy manufacturing products. If farmers in developing
countries are paid low prices and exploited in the production of cash crops, trade is said to
be unfair.
List the benefits of education (3 valid points):
● It helps to reduce poverty and inequality
● It spreads knowledge about the world
● It can increase peoples wealth
● It leads to well trained workers
Suggests ways that education for girls can raise levels of development in a country:
● The girl child: the child of a Zambian mother who has a primary education has a 25%
better chance of survival than a child of a mother with no education.
● In sub saharan africa 30% of all girls do not go to primary school.
● Educated women have fewer children
● The children they have are healthier
● In brazil, illiterate women have an average of 6,5 children, women who have had secondary
education have 2,5 children.
What is free trade agreement?
● Trade agreements where there are no tariffs
Tariffs: a kind if tax, the government put tariffs on import goods to make them more expensive
● Eco tourism: tourism based on the natural environment
Three organisations that can promote development
● provincial government
● Municipalities
● City council
What is alternative development:
● alternative development is about development that does not involve industrialisation and
the strong use of technology to achieve wealth and prosperity
Alternative development is :
● equitable and fair
● Sustainable
● Empowering
● Participatory
Whose needs should be considered for successful community development?
● Unemployed people. Unemployment is particularly high. They are usually far from markets
and advisors
Explain sustainable development:
● it has to be long term. Future generations should benefit from it. It uses natural resources
and in that way, there is enough for future generations.
3 factors that influence sustainable development
● social factors
● Economic factors
● Environmental factors
Explain why borrowing money is not always sustainable
● loans need to be payed back with interest. If there has been no economic growth a
country cannot pay off the debts and thus the country will eventually suffer
What does it mean to deplete resources
● to use up all resources
Definitions:
● Investor: a person or organisation that puts money into financial schemes, property. With
the expectation of making a profit
● Biodegradable: to decay naturally and in a un harmful way.
● welfare: statutory procedure or social effect designed to promote the basic, physical and
material wellbeing of people in need
● Trade deficit: when a country’s imports exceeds its exports.
● Insulated: treated or covered to prevent heat loss
OPEC: the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Geographical reasons for differences in development:
● climate
● Location
● Resources
● And environmental stability
Discuss the social aspects of development:
● indicators of social aspect of development include quality of life and access to social
services, such as good education systems and infrastructure. Access to basic needs such
as clean water is also part of it.
Social: relating to people and how human society is organised
Economic: relating to business or money
Environmental: referring to a person natural surroundings
