Bzo (a= C= > @) (= Asn (hd) = Doh - hd “=> << ces(hed) = > é Fr non trivia€ solution det. = 2eve > echdy aM. A sin(hea) aM eee > [ka ban Ck) = h = 2 unknowns | h be heed anether 4: To be solved, re! J - ° Ear @-pE fe a we, kd. Coulol be + Graphical Solatim hdd + Cha) = C&-1) Cheb) # Cheb) ton Chol) = & (hel) Nete sk, may be +tive or -tive koa tek pF Negative h noé allowed . solvect PRAMENT CH Ue. TPG PRY CNedten~ Rephson , Secant , intewal habeing 5 -. J of @ Cirele Chl) » Cbd) plane . evigin = (20) vaclivs = fe-f kd in h sherld be >O bo have decaying fields.As radivs CAGLT kd) becomes larger > : . Circle may intersect meve than one branch => meve than one TM mecle can propagate - pe ty koe Bek knewn mee Chd) Cheb) is knew + » Far any “d’, there is always with £50 at least me prepagecting mode : TM, Next mode TM, °ccurs ahen kjzwime = 42 yet kd =* > y > (4) = TM, ad fet + In geneval , (f = Ne ree ade, » Nees gt2 gk ki < ek pis Kea BEE => kes Bo < & ke => [1s fe 754,2,.. re, Ud fe~d sox Order ef modes s TM» TE,» TM,» TE, y-. Example se = 55 4 plete Bik, us A/a, - TMc: £0 + sderts from d/y 20 ay tt Vi TM? £ = Se a VA,boo Be aie Ne dispersive Age bess Up 1 £ a fr of frequewey « cups 2) an, + Blk. rusk be found by soleing He Lranscendlen tel eg.'s namerically + Ch A, & find Crd s ked)] C thea find B/ke ) Nota , L¢ Bie perk > het Compare te waveguicles where B20 at Fah + As SL ncvenses —p Blo > er for all modes e - SL. increases as fF increases + do Fl as cL increnses => Cirele gets larger - Ao ker a evel Wik ae vackivs de® for TM» Kel =* fer TE 4 sss = Be BR Kee whe - a po ko kve Physically , fields Gre mive confine of jn the dieleetvic slab .» Example : ep = 5 > Hy= Hy fs (36.3%) a é) (og xsd) & Ey == 5 (a7. 512) H, Sin (36.3 x) gk (a) find phue velocity ! Upsw/e 5 b= 36.3 Kom Pozar: M4e 2 ats => f e 1 GH ke B= fe ki -k = 2759 rad /m Up = aia xio8 m/s (by) Find thickness Jd! Lea hi = (6--DEO => hs 209 Np / — ke ct Chd) =h > ba (kd) = ~ be eo ha es legd = BOT HAR 2» N=0,1,2, 55 d= 0.0576 +n (0.0865) nzo => dain = 5.96cm 5 in this case, He aea 3.7 Strip &ne D Te is a plerar ~ Spe Til. that is esed in micvedave integratec! Céreuits (MICS). od » In MIC’s , the active devices & all iatevcomecting TL.'5 , impeclance - matching elements » neecledl capac fovs and inoluc ters end pesisters eter, ave fabricated om We same chip: (see plete an Aig. 3-23)+ o In hybriel Mich , cliscvete Gompments such as bansishys , Capac’ tvs, are sololerect in place . Hybrid MICS weve developed in 1960+ 5 and are still used fer circuit implementation - Monolithe MICs (MMICS) ave mere Mono ifnic MES recent , wheve achve & passive elemerks ave gywwn om the substrate Which rs sue thy a semi conrcluctr CGaAs Si) - Fer hybrid MIC , alumina , guarte & Teflon are coram on by useol as subshrahes. o MICS hwe smeller sire, Lighter wesy ht, lower cst & increased! complex; by compared be coventiinel Mitwowave syfens (watequicles § lear...» Read section 40.5 in oar - FIGURE 1032 MMIC Ne2 ys = & “e Sppets TEM mee since we have bere Yo) cin ductors & homegeneans dietectvie . ¢ Up = JE 0 fe elie = Ve k. Ze fe . Le _ fue of Ve CO OC BE where Co is the capaci tence por unit leagth « Can use Con form 8 mapping te get c > complicate of eapressim involving special fr’ Cane — frtting whewe effeche wiolth We “ Wp, 208s > < “ - Gas we Waco Note as W ineveases = C theveates => Z, deceeases. Design ey's s Given Zo bs €r « ? (= ee) Vie g, Ww. stripline 5 Ver Z < 130 Hick ness 209s. Jobe Ve, Z > 10 x= 22% ol 1& = Xe k ban $ /2 (4s aay TEM Line )nxt see equation 3.121» Read example 3-5, p- IYO. ® 0 TYR so PAQVEO | Pa | \ ———— woh SS | | \ 60 LE 40 . 224 | : | 4. Sar 100 + ~ rp | | 1 02 03° 04 05 060708 10 20 30) a0” b + Eromple’ Find the width Wo fer a 502 Assume shipline with be o3acm B & = 22° t=0 : VEZ. = VR (se) = 74-2 4 FRO ee ee VE, Ze => wz**? 3 — We o 266 om locate YE Zo = 74%? * Fr Je - hand vertical cous unt lefe Using curves * up He rig locale ed Move fo the at move 75k is indevsece t/p 20 Curve = Wh = 0?3-8 Mievostvip Line (MS tine ) @) tL v fe ° Le etinel Plane 7 ~e cei _ MS Line can net support a pure TEM wave, Since inhowogeneods Actually , the exact file constieie hybric! 4 J TE TM waves electrically Hein), in clielectvic C& 205 Ma® 2) In practice Lp lca & frelds concenhate move > guasé - TEM wave pike > the effechve dlielec brie emstart + Leo ee < €, Equivalent geometry of AW YE €. fo ee Sott, St adi+ Rd/w fv duc > Gx &Given the dimensions of the microstrip line, the characteristic impedance can be calculated as 60, (sd, Ww . { we (® + %) for W/d <1 Zo= 3.196 120" 5 —__ a for Wd > 1 Vee [W]a +1393 + 0.667In (Was Laaa)] For 2 given characteristic impe the Wf ratio can be found as Be w fa for W/d <2 a )2 & 0.61) = [p- 1emer +=" {was oa9— 98H) for W/d > 2, . . . 3.197 oul wh 2 out a “oe =) _ ae ~ Bode hee CDE Copia) ave (4-4) aS p/m ie ran § Line , > Example: Find W & length of 4 M e oy shift at aS ‘2. Zeson, 90° phue = o12P om, Er F2A° W _ 3.081 from above a W < Tnitially » gues >2 => es X right gues >| We 234 le 2V@ 25 a &= 187 = fe ke vee / AesoffZq (ohms) Higher ovcley mecdes are possible im MS Line» of cnemnar TE & TM surface waves of Me grounded! subs Wate - Choose d< fo _ yw We © “a Cr 2h f+ highest fey. ef interes \7 “ approximate exemple using above cures» . Try selurag the » Tn vealiy, & is 4 fr. of Kegs fe» Once points in Zao quan thes a Tmpedance CZ) Actmi taice CY) Matrices San EEE Vs a matr This & T's Uewave netwovk , Wwe ices be have heen oe fine at varices fan Use velate there tevmingl wid? be Uefa In He design ef passive ton ponents: » Bo arbilery N~ pot se-wuce network : pecs reflected (scattered! ) wave + bys termina? planes CSheuld kena Heir posi puns = phase reference } fer V&T phesers ) Ms Vy Tn, Ty ave the equivadent voltages ¥ Currents at tenninel’ Plane ty + > ports may be any bype of Teli wv equivalent Th. of @ wavegucde meche « tf mere than one mode exist , each mode shoul/ howe its own pert. t =At the nth terminal 5 total VR T @) Cise., at 2-0) - ~ + - ye Vie & Le Let in [recad? from 302: V(aye Vi IPR, ve IPP Tey: FOR a ah ze Mw. Ve ] ry rr Define imp matrix [Z] as [ ¥ Z Ze -~ Zw |fo s 7 Zy " Zc Sam IE Ty fuj= C2107] » (1]+ [viv] t heve 2 ot Acimittance “ id [2] matrix Moher: Z = MY 24 | bran shew 20 ky keG im p> Zij can be found by driving pot 3 with Ty > epen-cer add other ports Y measure Vy . Zz = #| » enpue imp. a i Port Shen Te Vips0 fer k 4h gue oer ports ave open.“ty > br « me-pevt nekwvk » 7 > @® Z Gy Z; & \ may be complex * FF vecprocal network => [2] ¥LY] aw Cne ferrites . ne active ( 25 = 2..\ yt devices ) fyeme tric. Tf reciproca’ & lesslecs networks > Zi, Cw Yi) are purely imag inary 9 Sie there is no Power loss within te network» Semple Bint zy of a spor Tenetawk. L Zp 2, L + + We - ~~ iso 2, = “Y = 467, Lt I,z0 open pat Z,=Z, = Ze Creciprocal network)4.3 Scattering Matrix de - 7 y i The Simaleix uses the idea of inci det reflecked and tvansmitted waves . © At each port ni incident wave ve Scatleved ” v, - ¢ The Sematyis is defined as fellows : vw BS Sa VPM ‘ ef ee : V7 /- |e “ Ba on SA IL vr IML matrix Nal vect Viiz0 fer k #5 Bye Eransmissien Coeff. from port d& : pot 2 with all oMev ports match devminated -> Simply x drive port 9 ith vi" & measure @® Statheved Wave ye at port all latident waves at add pots Cexce pt gj) set to tere (ie, all oer ports terminated with 2 wid, Matched loads ) - Vy B= St 3 V; Vso fr k#i Geeut at a 8; is He ref loc aa) coeff He a pot i wh Ue cthey pats we matcel, tevminated - When cul M [Vot]* R i nae | Incident power at prt n, oo, hs Scattered 9 4 ; 4 z, [Sle R/R with otter ports match bevwinated J if P Nal BR Te can be shen (see Perr) that : ~ Cs] = (2) +(ul) ( (24-fu)) where [UJ is He iden Phy met vix x [Zz] is He neve ted me mak ri x C25 = 2; /Z.) » We assume Hat all ports have same chavoc ‘impedence Z,Fer 1- pert network Si = Z ® 2-1 2, -Z. incident pawers = Sirs bebe = ILM > Kew NT fot" a Wt = bt est gsl WT reyes] = Cu) krenecker cle (ba LSS fe all Yj ie, N Z 5 S ‘J ke J a = ; 4 c=) Co ifs w ’ Noy frizpo 2% go = DIS) = 1 NW ka Fe Ke ke i 28, # =0 The sus of He Squares of fee ag of scalherng paren Fey i#j => / ZI ns a f The dot product of any Column with Me auyjegate of another Column = 2e~ in ang column eqaads ome -for example fey a Ss Pert network [SJ fn HL Ss % Me MS Ss. Shs tev esy = (al > (8,4 | Sal (Sul IS bie DLs 1) = PsP 180 + not 2 = . SS 4%, Moe ZS 20 S, I 4 Ss DH = 0 Mp + Se SF 4 Sh Ms =O Tf vecipvecal boo => symmetvic [0] => above apphies brews Foe Bey (8s) = fu] Terminals 52)Let [8] be Hae refering be so @) Consider a new set of refevence plawes ole fined aL sl, fev the nth per - wi- (sj « IND = [S| » > 582, . But» Vis VE ooh _v 25% vee vi cv Bste yp gia Se Om , o ewan On =< Ba By + eeckrical Lagth of Amoare shift in vefeweuce planes Cie, aulety from the junckiot ) ie, 30s 7 . eel ye tsd oa o 1M ‘ - 29, =7 Bw = San © ~}) (On +) Sia = mn , ie., He terminals shift affect Me Pleres y of He Ss Parameters ony. Clossloss ri This + Fir a shife toward the nekiok , Bix peyrtue J2S parameters are measured! Using a Network @ Anakyrer « FIGURE 47 A photograph of the Hewlew-Packard HPSS10B Newwork Analyzer This test ——— _insiramern is oed to measure the seatering parameters (magntade and phase) fof a one- of twosport microwave network from 0.08 Gia to 248 GHz. Builtin rrlcroprocessors provide ero correction, a igh degre of accuracy. aud a wide Choice of display formats. This analyzer ean also perform a fast Fouterwansfor ‘Of the frequency domain data to provide atime domain response of the network . 3 LI" 2 Examples Gen [r= fo" og Le ae LF 0a (a) Determine if Hers 2 port net wovk és reciprocal oy lossless reat P roca + Notice fat CS] is Symmetric =D 7 : at joay pot a jo-8 , pres ° [joe oa ILjve 0.2 ] F e | #4] ? a Nae loss lessCh) Tf 2 Shot cer 5 plecedl at pot 2, @) Bhat is Ho vetuyn fess ak Prt L 92 (redurn less pi. to bog JAL* 2 a8 bea 1A/ hone 2 is He wflectron coefficient | pe Me ve Nete Hat Vt Ve = Sy, Vit VE Assuming Same characteriste imp at Gcth ports Me BVT Su Vas = 8, MO - 4 > + * ~ Vy 2 &, YO Sa YT 2 SY AW LY . 7 Powe Syts, ey + Sy van St Pe BL 9, OL 2g 633 vit I+ Sy RL. = La log [P[ = 3-97 dB Note : Se. Pe, (2 Si only rf abt other ports ave match — terminated « ° Si parameters ave prepertiss of Me network CEslf , defect uncler the concliGion that ade ports Ae match terminated» . Changing termina fry, ctoesn'é change [S'}coy Find [7 at pert one, if pre 2 @ is derminated ia a load imp. F “ normalized In Hus Case / tt (EB) 2 For reciprocal junctions + Sy = Ss, Fey —lessless & ree iprecal Unitary => S SS + Sia Me ofits mt) « s [iste1e| iat? 7 = 1S ft PRP RR lee Sy = IPL thy = 1M LBs Sie VI * * 5(@,-#) 5(¢-8) Unitary => Sy Sia + Se %, =9 D> € *é = 7 re 2Exanple Find Ce] matrix fer He following @) Cireeti€ » Riz 8562 > B= 14h, BX - R, Rg, g,2 atching — ' 7 evt( 2) vies ’ pet t mee ess * Assume Z,=Soe % cr reference imp: (as if neboek T.t.’s S of y——\4 a V , = n ~ Zo Son soe " yee Bz eo ts compected te SO a RoE + F Zy, = Rt Riff (8, 450) = Rt P2( BAO _ se Ra4 R, + So OS, = ewe & Si = seve Since symm. CRT. 1 NS 21 Vi | V,*=0 _ Vex \y = eeve Since SI, = 0 2 VeVi" - + 41.49 a Voz Ve \ nt Ga = 0.907," apa = (soe R, MR ) My = = OTE —wr 9,2 IME) 1S. wih 2 Pye eh, ee = So Nd RTis 'y> +~3de called 3 dB attertvia ter Define: Tasevtion loss The =~ 20 Jog IS) = 3 dé Note that Hay ry fess y network MP Ip ek gd Buk, reciprocal : ; Example 3 Consicher a junction between 2 Trh.'s aN Sr ainda %—' Ge, >, Sar Sy © Withadt novia Lea ton 2 Sy = St ZB, nehe s fs] . Si = - Su net Sym on +es Ss a Zs Case These can be “242, clrived from : Si, 22 Zu Ve Vi at junchen at Z,+ With nevmelization C Genenebized £9) G9) detec by = WG 2 Te, [BB vs 23 1 OH BS, Example? Prove that for a reciprocal 3- port _ netwovk , the ports can not all be perfectly matched lf Me network Cte, V, 2V,7=V, = 0) When phe network is lossless Clisipehenlesr) » yy att pr’ ane matclec! fy tHe nebuirk , = OM = Me F Bay = Bere yy [OS Syme. Since Cay = [s 0 ‘a | - 79 reciprcal 85, 5a, losses > 5% Sei 20 > ao S,=0Z poy 0 0 hy My SB, 0 Be [a o e'| 0 8 0 3, © © é / (S,[=1 ¥ 15,124 (Gf 24 4 16/24 , 2 2 2 & 1G 418 | HIN f "4 1S] =F > Catractic how > Corbactietion = the junction Cif reciprocal ) can not be matchec! t the So pores sing Uarrecetslag « wow csp Ee nd 5): ae (series impedance) ve Su Sy = “| - (42)-2 _ 2 V7 (242 )+Z% Zaz, Se = 8 y . MO - > by F vt / » Ys Ys \y 2 1 Iktso Ze Cy) Be LP 2, Sis ~ SF Ceti ors + i< Siz 24 2z,ay 44 The Gensmission Matrix @ / (ABCD matyix J fed + Defined as flows Chen) eek wend of 2 pee netwovks — a AL 8, oie 8 eae G D, eae | ‘) f : . Lee oie) “ ABCD- matrix of a cascade of netwrks is He pirduct of Me indliviclual ABCD - makvices » Z 2 a ouple sD at As y sd Frempt sh ae Vv L V, _* 2 Ba” i 2Z Le Ny 20[2 8] | 1 "| @ Labeo] fom [Z] + Vv, = qT, Zi - EZ, Vv, = 1,2, - hfe A= + - 2H Vala oe =a Bev 1,2,- LZ, te IV,20 I, . 7 qr 22 | - Ze 2 ly so = Z, Za _ Au 2 Ti «| = /2, 5 p-# T,=0© I i, — = ot Example : ; + Sof Ve ; Bad (ABCD) matrix —4t—> A.M Vv. em Pen = eT Ae pevé (2) 2 i,=0 Along an vpen- CeTed Line £ onc From ? Vee) = AMT en (pet) T(2) = 5 = enh ~ 2 EE 307 Ge par fazer) Vee Sec pe) | Ae OO JoGe) 2M" gi, Cre) | C= SE) = vu | 2Vv.7 shot- CeT port (2) a that ~ CeTec! Lene Along Via) = jae" sm (2) 2M ce) TR) - = > cin( pe) B= VO) [32 me T(2=0) ———_———— - 2 [asc ge) | a D= Te ye,° See table Yt fir ACCD mabrrees of &) Ueful a pert Circuits « See fable 4:2 fy Cavrersion between ae port nekuey k parameters : (21. 07], (8), [aecn] . reeipacal . Cpivalent CkTs fey 2- povt Kpekworks 2 YeZ +2, 7% fs Vir 20+ 2. Tf bu I, 2y-Ze Zs-Z. Ip ane <_ T- epuciendet tld )% netwer ke | a ~ Va oT 7 - equivalent wov ke lve% vary, Meter —__} + T$ lossless neluwvk => purely reactive elements jn the above equiv. netuevksopen-end seh step T- juvction (oa. to Ms éraasih™ Ms Bend | Righeangle sept a Swept bend rae == Mieed step Mier Tjunetion5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements ¢ LC networks ) «Recall fame EEBOF , mex. power Is cle biverecl he He loacl when 1&1 matchecl fe the feecling Kine bype of matehing petwovk 1 He The simplest veac tive elements L section 5 which uses bo bo match an arbitary loa! & % The wed Circle an Smith Chart ) CkT=2 JX Used woken Ol RL < Ze Z 9B Zar 2, Lies cuts icle | pet circle [xewk er Be y Be ob wot re aA Reactive eloments mney be either inchucbes oy capacitors cle penching om Za Lumped elements Can he tse) at low fre. + Ae high freq Lamped! elements may not be veal 2a ble» ®. hybic Solution + Analyte Solution? Rent @ i J crit: Fey matching | Z,2 Z+jX+— pB+ 1/Ch4iK) > BCXR-KZ)= Rio Ze e XC1- Bx) = BERAM Saleing fr B&X: +X, Xi Zo ye. te & A BRL Q solutions are possible fer B&xX are physically pea lreable » Notice the term Rey Xe ZR = K+ ROR NH-Z) - B always exssds . Both If BR > Ze Tf RKO must have Xp > RR HSI ko have a soluhon » If X =m => ae +t Taos 1Z BF, In this case , must heave Ri >Zs-ckT-2 ® ZAR Again, 2 solutions ave possible . Must have RL < Z,- t « Coltin’s cepressions + CkT4 ; where Concle-tion be, y autside, g= 4 crrele 3 Cor en) La untside CkT-2 x rotated = 2 Civele 8B Ye where = Ria Xe Z Cmrclitbor ¥ S14 he, 2 bide (orm) r=1 Circk.+ Smith Chart Solution = : 64) Example: Design an L- secbim matching network , Z, = 200-7 100 > Zs loo Wy F= 500 MHF z , ape Ze = a-jl , Lies inside Wad Crele . 5 oO. . Use cer- 1 Caccevoting te Rear ’s cenditins) gX 2 Behe +f %n aay, Wanted, 2,24 = a, +jx zt yas Se => 2) should fie on red errole chaull Lie on rotated rel or cle Sin But, ys yr jb = 9.45 Ct bd y, fas te be outsice rat eave > a has & he cutsick rotated ral Cirele. C Notice that thts Conforms with Co bbin's concki tion. Poaar's cenoliin is not accuyate , somewhat restvictive-) + Plot 2% om Smith Chart CSC.) » Draw P- esvele locate y 2 Ys OH 502+ move along 904 Circle bidé intersect wi related circle = 2 solutions The intivsectins resout ‘ epi In D> Y= O44 jas ow Ys e4ajas a jhe xR 4 = je3 get 2), corresporcling boy. ze Ij ha (shoulel Le or ral Ciycle ) = [eee 2 jh Frrualas => be 0.67 ¥%=-h29 [-eer pen 0.3 & £sh2 Fivmulas> bh20.aq & «= 422 «Shunt C & series & he we = 0.3 => C= 0.99 pF xe BE Lie e a b= 38-80 39-204 ‘ ZoThe solute Reflection coeff _ 261 6 $6.1 al Solson2 1?{ us. freg. NM Assuming Hat {ol Zod 4 oltion bandwidth =e ue ) almost He C = 3-193) pF jos » General Proceclure fer cet-t a (2) (3) &) (s) (6) (7) [Gaulel Check Hat 2 “ies antsicle rotated vet Cele Pk a om BO, gee Y= tGh move adem 9,7 const. Circle *iké iyhersect He vetoded circle (a sola fiend) » Intevgections represent yn get Jb = Y,,~ get 2, Cem ped circle ) sy clo tin get je = Given freq. » convert & wh be LHC use calculations after pomt @) |tne a4 je = a jaLajx <4 (eee) Jn2 4 = ys jh 7 Y" sharlel Le on J=1 circle > 2), shaded Le om should Lie sutsidle related Cire le ret circle => 2. Netes In some regions » both CKTS can be Useol » Procedure ay Check Kat a Lies artsile ye! circle (2) Move along 2 mst. circle Gide intersect rotated Circle. Tntrsechow are 3}, + (3) jx = @- 2 A) get (shall Lie om pot circle) in (6) gjbel~ Y, [Could use Cleulatins after poret c2)] L CO) Cmert + L&C+ Lumped elements for MIC’ Air Le bidge Lossy film Lossy fim Planar resistor Chip resistor Loop induct Si re (series) c > Dielectric Inerdiital Mat inst. Chip copacioe as mp capaciir met capacitor iP copa Operetta Dislcine S) : Vestine @) Spivak inductor (shut) Figure 6-41 A typical microwave stripline stem. The op dielectric and round ‘ane we not shows. (Courtesy of MIA-COM, Inc, Burngton, Mass.)0 Ab s-wane freq. ’s, He reguived L&C @ ayy be realized! by cascacling Wo TL. sections as follows 2 ° Thés equivetence is baseol om the follessing Approx. t Gi) A small seotion of High imp. Line ?s equivalect f a series L : (a) A small sectin ef (ae inp Line is a Shunt C. equ ivaleut te » Proof t 2, ten sk, — —— Zp oO Mn N i _. 24, = 42 = C J Sin( peo : @ Zag Za 2 9% bon (FE) * TF pece => sevies elements ane inolucter; K Shunt eleweut is a Cepaciter-at, 5XA 5X ZB = 155 plsz a in( BO) where X 2 Z, ton(£E) g Be 2260 2 + Now 5 fer pi<% y large Z, = ton( BL) = #2 x sin (pe) = Be Ks Zo pk & Re sev ede: dan (A) e &% (Ee Caste: don CBs gS 5 sinh) =) Cnote : bok 4 pees => a) X= 2 Be oto on Zp 27 pls% fer ph < EZ & small 2, => Xt te F Be Ye RO —4t— LZ, = ~ Tecype ploy, AxSeries Lo is replaced by hoy 4 high imps Line be “2.3 _ be ok @ & Shunt Co is replaced by a sheyt leugtt, few inp» Line CZ =2Z,) Usually , Z & Z ave set ini hathy accovdiag bo fabricabes Limitahons » Then, forged Leag ths aceorcling bo te follorsing 29 ’s3 Xi swl = Z6l =Z #2 + Ws coewe velociby w= dot Vee Check that beth lengths are bss Man 4+ at Me design frequency « If net, inevease Z, & decrease Z, ler TEM Lines Cor quasi. TEM) , Z, ts usually restricted to the Lo- 1/50 range .» In micwstrip techne logy t how @ aie hae “Es Ah. Yow Ze + \ high Z Tr . [= ° tl - he ee 5.a Sing te - stub matehing used whick aspect Lampe! elements ave wacuie fobrientior fabricate » No convenient fren © Ue Stubs ave C7 te x sbriphine form: micves fr! P » Wanted Y;,, = i But > int Yn te = Int be / 2 yy should Lie om r= Gree ant J! — vl Wanted 2in ad But in = Bint > {2 t%ete 2, shoud die om 2 circle» yed+ Procedure fy shunt shib = (8) (1) bcate 2% 1 S&C. (8) Draw orede (D Find yo & fine its) positon om He SC. rela five CA) Mave om the Poeivele “Tener gen” enpe yu intersect Me red crvele . Twe intersections are possible . These infevsecheos represent y+ Find dyand dy + (3) Find y= 1-9, + Then, Pind Ceres pencing Shab leugihs Ay rand L, fer the sevies stub , do He same steps Using 2p instead ef Y* Ara ly fea soletims coubl be ebfained! boo (see fo 231 & p 232 th Reser) The difference in long Ks of an opernt- or sheyt - circuited steb i's r/¥> Fy MS Line and Strip @ine , epeu euch Shibs aye easier to fabricate . Wie hole ts needed fev shavt— enc! stich » fey cencia fine , shorted stubs “we prefered. See examp bes in bok & vefer to EE 307 notes om the web,Example: Zo IS¢j10 > Zo= 50, single - Shb shunt tuning matehing network - Design open - cares ited 21 = O34 50-2 5 get » : * x, = {= 51-33 or 14 jf 133 + dl, = 0 328- 0.284 2 0.044 A d,= (O53 - 0.284) +(o17) 20.327) Ys, = 5 133 Yea 2 J? + y= 047A by = 0-353 » Assume clesign feg. = 2 GH WZ, esis of R& Lin sevies » Plot P| os Ky ———> Solekin (D has wider Bomd widts because d ve are shater, ahich reduces He freg. variation.5.3 Daeble - Stub Tuning ® tuner reguires variable diffiealé if, an ad jus tebe match ony Z=€itiXe stubs at match The single stub “J” which could be desired » Con tuner |S _ shyb tuner uses aq tuning Denble However , can in fixed positions = all load impeclances + + Wanted y. = But. ¥,,= 4+ Jba > t2ytih “oy, should Le get ciycle , SO that . widh cancel bs Note Hat Yo | gpst a translation of y, * 4, should Lie rotated get crcl 5 WV) Lowavels load - Notice tHe forbidden regi in which no bring y te vetated Circle - i solution PP 72 - 240 » Rear. clistance d towards toad. retateo! by could + See analykRotated Lib citcle Forbidden tegion Example 2 Z,= 60-380; Z= Son Shevt CkTed Shibs . d-i. . 4s O34 5 Oy + Draw the rtatedl Gt rele Robate he gad Grele a distance + tevards lad. Find Ke inlersect,, ef 9203 circle XS with tHe rotated! circle. THe intersections represent % ¥ y.47 O34 iPS => jh, = 4-46 gb 3F ys 6.3 ¢ 30.28 => 5b, = Yury 2-502 Now, move from % * distance 2. bowarels generator Calong its [i cirele) + This shouted give & pout that intevsects He gad cirele which represents y, = 1-5 3-4 > jhe toy gr Similarly ys Rv l+p ha ay 3 b=-9L4 B= 0348) & ge asad & Qe ot A + oa 0.995 pF . lee clesign f = acre: » and soluhw has a larger hand wil & - fiGH2) © @Impedance matehing using micros tip kchnoligy ® S + Single stub matching + open CkTed shibs are often ureol » Sometines, Shevt—Cket stb ts wel» The method! usec! bo fincl 4 & B is the same as befve . + The open cer shih is 4 longer Hear the shevted stub- Grounding post sept ee a ope ctevid al tot pe oui anal 1 , round ont + Derble - Stub matching 3 z a . ef + Shbs ave usualy laid wes EE 2m oyoscte each other $0 reduce We TL onino von wutral coupling between the wo “ stubs» Ovenscited EEA = output —Open-ciccutedSA The Quarter Wave trans former a ais « Can be usecl b> match a real Z + a The » Con be useol as midbsectim for bree cler handuiclith (Bw) » A cemples loa can be trans formecl bo a veal impedance Frrough an apprepriate leagth of T.L. between Z 4 the 4 match ng sechion (See €€ 307 notes on He web). <— L— Te get Zy = Zo, 0 the follersing shoulel Zz Z, 2 Z, (wreak) be satisfied + fi Z,- faa Zin Boe at He cksign freq. fe h Cre, the by 4 at whick perfect mated needled ) : Noho, Je & ¢ ae Cel it d,) Netee that L¢ Vy ef other freg.’s net a perfect match at frog's otbew > than f+ want te plo fAf es Pry 3 fp Zin ~ Se zz Z 4) Z, ten (3 STS ? in ~ Lo Zin t Ze 2+) Z tn)65) where @ = pe Noje Hat Q= » a >|? " >| zg de Prs ot tose & Sybshhte Z, in ( & we Zs ZZ, 1 ~ ir as - , —(i) [te [12% [ZZ | seco Csee beok fev devivetio ) . de x Now, for f near f. => aa FH & be ae = 1Z,-Z sect@ >> => |Pl = Lene I | eos a| . . 222, for B near S O= Be such © Define banclasidh of Hae trans former thet In] < 7 2 BO = 2(%-On) PO = &) = PlO= 2%-Fn) = RR, wheve Equate fi, te exact expression above In AZZ, > wO, 2 = BAZ flip? 124-21 Fer small 2, => Cosby» ath Vee / 12-2) mnFor TEM Lines , Cer guasi-TEM) @ 26 O= ga ae es Bh Ew (% independent of freq.) the fireg. of which B= &, 8 JPl=l, Define fractional bancluielth Af — achk-F.) 5. af | 48, Ge > Sf . af cif Ie aVZ2, | - Teme 12-2) usuakly > presseol as weeutege too SF y . “+ poneutege soo As 2, becomes cleser to Ze € less mismatched! lead ) => 6,, decveases => AF incveases. . when nm- TEM Lines are wed => f #wI/HE B wave imp. depencls on freg. > His comp Lica ter Using 4/4 brans formers for wave giicls . We ignoved dis cartinuity effects . Can be Compensated fer by adjusting the Crane foyer beng» L 22g.) miovastrip Hep pL teAyllp= 10.04 assuming cénstont €,- Example : Design a ieee + trans former , Zelor » Bs sor, fp 3Che.~ Fine percentage Bu) for which SUR € 1-5 =V¥Z2 = Sco = 22-386 HR bed. at 3 CHE CA of He brans former section) 4 . axe oy Cag TEM air- filled Line > Gah) = 2.5em) foe 888-1 _ og . SWR +L af = ag oy 2K — 2 Example : Design My bransfrrmer , Zewoj oo - Zstoor (air- filled coax.) 5 f= 300 MH2- The Ajy (ax. Lransformer has some racli a db » but filed with a dielectric material (A) Pind smalbse fd» () Find & .< (4 1% Z, = loo~j loo — byob dl cay iL = = % =o yypa1 Loe He Z+z — Vein OCCUYS when bp- 28 2 2-(anti)% neo > de On+e — ORteK 2p 2 (2"/A) f= tm A= f 4 “ shurtest 4 d=- 0142 m = [6.2 cm i Cor use Smith Chart to find J 1) b Zs = JS yes iP! ¢ i Loin Ze me Se? sue PI = 3.6/2 > Ze CLG Re New, Z, = 100 = bo Lu (bfe) > Ln (4/4) == 6O > 6)8 = bu ( bla) DE, 2 2-62 Te (4a) rn é A ate = SY Om ~ bs = 4 (300 M) de, CW) a5.5 Theory of Small reflectims —__ @® (Single - Section Transfovener 4 7t<> z, oa I | ['.Total ref: | Coeff iciewk ij | Z-2 Fo ne 22 _ ne 9 <4 a aye TGTe as he «—___ |e —— ---- BL . | 240 2% 2 a Z,+Z, rept ie A ; 2 eas h lk | z-z, Tr p nen BR -—_ oe 3 2 _ L Tanne? ae line Pe az, i | Trlr l Zz, ey Re 2 SHO 2 Pe +t tne TERT € 3 42 -j60 +TE Gh & + 26 2 4? 4" —jane — a e -p+tnRe ZL fa ls IAj Back be Cepression Ci) + Tf docowhmuites between CZ), 2) and (Z,,Z.) are smelt Che, TY B small > i7Gqi«Kt 520 > Pe G4% e otal ref ketion cr) is Ise. reflection Ci) & and dominated bY ref ection (1) due & yound trip: gre accounts for phase clelny «Again , fer OFF J ved ref (emit) p Do aa ot = 8Zn 82S _—— - —— 3 € cc (ZZ, (Zt) a | Reserve Pe ; =o if ZZ Z@ Mattiseehon Tremsformes CN equal loagids ) ® (Commensurate ) + Multisectin transformers are Used in pplication: reguiring move band wid than «@ single Aly bransfornces can prout ole <6 +e Os, <0-+ ee ZPD % Z se Zz, 7 A. C&et) — RQ a is Rerkinl reflection ce ficients ? fe 2-2 Pp - Zr 7 Sn Pp: 4-2 ef sm nF , = 24% Zia + Zn " ZZ, Assume the following : C1) Equal lengths ( commensurate) @) AW Z's incvease or ckerease monotonically ier, ZS 262,655 <2 SS oR 2 > 2, 9% 2-8 PEP Se => Age M's ave rea & of Me Same sign. all i's Spo ff A> Ris <0 if AS 5 Ra 22, l- A=? N-2 7° (3) Symmetrical 2 C This does net mean hat Z's synm etrical )=j20 ~j49 - Mee hele 4 BO 4g @ Sa(n-1) 8 je uy 4 wane ns JNO =n » Me)= e {Rese GIN-2)8 — ~j(N-2O +e +e den f 1 + : je, aie If N odd Last term is 2 Ceo 2°) T§ N ern => » ’ is 7? Nia eg. Net => R21 4 doo a Zz Zz UZ, &Me)= ha fe mR -j jo j6, 9 3 2p ReR eH -j0 ) OL RC ELEY ~j20 -) Neg > Pee)= R4t & +f ee - 20 520 ~j20 @sh => Mlb): é€ {2ce+e) rh & Zz, 4 7% Ete | -jNO ta br Newn: P)=2E [ec cs (n/8) + Py Gs (N-2) O45 ¢ T Gs (N~Aan) O+ 2 r we |& for odd N . -jNe @® e | f} cos(0) + FF cas (n-2)8 4. n+ hyn ce? | Note Het He above are P(e) =a Fourier wine Series + Thus, Can sya Hesize any desired P| reepense by choosing prope Ris & encuegh sectios (W) sé Binomiak Transformers CNaximally Flat ) ¢ Butterworth) Response is as flat as pestible rear the design freq» (maximally flat) - This fype ef respewse Can he obtained if [P(e | Fes first (N-D derivatives are Pere at te design freq. f° lee ree) = A Cte @°y = A oN (a, Be > |r| = Jal [2, 22)" = jallael™ Nees i pe)f so fr b= = & J x ee (1 Pel) = © fy O=%FZ evvespends be f for @) Nete Hat G2 — Which aoe =>. all ang ths = Yy at §,- Determine A= > O= Bl—w er Lee f—> xm Piece) = ACI+ey 2 As But» P(0) = AZ since at f20 alt sechon “i+ = ave of ser electrical’ , length Cvewy smal? empared fe wavelength ) 2-2 tz -=N => /Al=2 -N => Aza + Expand (oe) < Poe). A (ley 528 ‘Nut) -J4@ A [i+ Ne 4 MO Me we useol Binomial Expansion n@n)d , Lian)” = da nxe J + ap where N . Pie)2 A 2. CY ee so Where CMe N(W-1) > C141) . Ni ni (Nan) ni 2 called Binomial Cee firrerdts nN N N oN N Mu Notes CMON 5 Gate Gave Or an NonNo, + G's can be chtained using Pascal's Priangle + @) oon! Cc, * oy yh al > 20,1, oN Neo - pootempndf fl Nebo | 4 4 _f N=2 j--4 2 i Ne3 4 ‘ a 1 Ne4 - t 4. é 4. 1 _ Nes - 4 7 10 40 s 4 N=¢--t €__is Bo) IS 6 4 a 2 oy eg Gai, G=a, Ge > Equating . . oy and =j20 4 wine mey- ALC ez ha Ge rm she nzo _ 7 N = lr 2AC]|= 2.2 AG , 0, P's are frend 9 Can get Zn $ frem ce n +4 p22 fp 22 % 7? re b jon) -Zn = Zn (14 B)/O-& rp. Zoe ie Z,., = 20 (41h) / met t Zn i, nyfeleB) Ze Zy (ie RY O-M y= (2yr Zu (Zt Zn) ie squat Zu!2 Apprex imations he Zn - mos Snei 7 2 ae 2 Lg, Za 2a Xn Za + Zu /Z, +1 a 2, Since An (Ce) = 24S + ey tess & D's are cncih fev x>0 N => tn 2 all = 2AC, — ON > 4 & =! =(a) ca) i yc “fs a “ce Co nC in(Z) L rind Zn ° This Z computed from Nel as it sheule be > - Z<2, eq~ ensures => tn | Starting from n=0- self cosistency in Hat i€ wit be equal te Z > cry fo prove ft for N=a fr example ) Ze <0 Se > by (Zu ycos Zi, < ° as wanted - mathematical . The above Zappax imatins give resules very close to exact ames + As if they compensate fir He appre xine Pens inhevent mm the Heory of small ref lections!!1+ Bandwidth & > Exact Binomial Transformer Design + These inclucle the effect of multiple in each section. TABLE $1 Binomlel Transformer Design | vay 7 2uttm | Tilt talle | Tite tite tite | Zit “lle tilde alte 19 | 10000" 0000 | roxn Kn 1.0%0” | 0090 1.000 T0 S| inner tase | yas 2a tansy | host Last ‘eat 20 | ieee rosie] tosor sanea assy | tout 12a {so 50 | tate 22s | tiem ras ans | tone 4ins 226 27390 ao | rate asm | trom 2000 3358 | tomip Lstka 23903 jn Go| tsest sane | roses aes ase | Lai tas ate 5800 so | tests arses | tam aa une | tne 1ama 4135) 6am woo | ums sex | i3ap S488 T4877 T1613 2068148824 S110 Ne | wes 2/20 (Zo ZalZy _Bsf%o Lalu silo | afl 2a/2Za ZalZo Za) Zo 9} 000 100m v0n0 mm amin Leno» 1 an00 0900900 1s | Lore tov Lane 139m tasio | tooo oHSt 149618088 20 | toaso i391 ata 17556 19869 | Lon Lom 12688 LTS) 13536 30 | tnsse 12300 1231 24390 299m | homme Lass Las99 20589 26877 so | 012 12995 20m0 dont amor | 1025 tt6o1 16129 24800. a02 60 | tase 1an85 ates a2sa9 Sees | Laie 12019 1897 32m Api04 80 | toms aso zaose s3s00 roas | Lose T2610 20839. 3.950 G29) roo | tansy 3s 360s gases sass7 | 102 hanen amis 430s 7900 . If Z/Z,<4> He resulls for = con be useol , he lead! enc . The same with Z, shrting of the loa end « Evans former thet matches Z bo Ze a" be reverse & used to match Z b& Z© ZL can be Heug ht of a5 another T.L with chave- imp. = Z, « Rizi’s expressions 3 gz, tel qi Z3 2 (s ) ke h2,u, Nel N N nN 2 Cg ee CY Exomple Design a section Binomial Gansfruer , Zi = Som > Zz lor - Calculate Bw fer rap = 2" | = | = | oe 10(E)] 2 ZL J 0. ONF 0, OY332Z, - ow Zz O tn Se TC te Sy mo. ®) = n(Z) = tn (Z)4 BCS te (Z4) Ln (Z)= BZ) + 3" Ch ty (%) kn (2) = 2 Z)+ a" 0% b (Z /z,) an (Z) = 4(%) + 8 CO tn (Z/z,) Fem Pascal's Pricngde + Z = sys} ZL 0S ® Using Precious tables sin cur example = use Ze 22 in fables » but with Z, Starting Ze , Zo a: ak lead end + From tables , fry N=3 ¥ Saas > Z = SY. S85 Ww > Reverse 50 > Zs 2w them #1) Gi. GAS Ve Zy = 54S | - clese be exac lis - ox. o very close to exact rem Above appex Y ( Zz ) Used ACN 5 with exact A= 2 ae &y = 5/3 Werse than solution © (1)G@ Using Rizai ‘5 expressions + N Nv _N Mo G tQast Gy > k=4,2,3,4 t ee ee Net N Mp = G+ G+GQe7 > M, = 8 22 z-2(ey" Zz = (eo Cs y” 2 WF Z, = (1) (LY = 94 Z= (10) (LY = 5453 Z, = (lo) ty’ = $f, for N=42,3/459 » Geneval response 15 in| 1 1 \ z OB eo 18 " 70 3 Mh = 0/ , [ol at b=0 i Z- Ze | BW increases as N increases « is ls Frans Mutoh Z, = 200% b& Zz 02 @) vot Using binewriak brems former, Finel minimum N reguired bo insure an SWR of less Hhan Ld across 4 bo 8 GHA bane « 2 0.0486 Wanted Ta < Use Huis Since we pe aM ial cos" 9 7 are not designing me ™ He Z's. wo5w | 2-25 | ws", < 0.002 = 2 2+, D as G,, < oO ey On = Zhe | ACHE) 4-6 GH af, acéée) 8 fo246Ha = les (4%) =< Os N Wanted — (a-S5) < 0.6794 => N leg ord deg oc. ORY = N > 36s5.4% Chebyshew . 5.4 ebyshew Transformer (quad Ripple) (a) > This type optimiaes bancliidth at tHe expeuse of passbemal ripple - > Typical response : irl Ripples ° Cheby she Polynomiads > 1, () T) (x) = % » we=! Th (x) = axr—f Tle) = 4x -3% Ty, i) = exter l ce) le) 2 24 Ty Tos let ve use fr [nist => Fe (ee) = cos (n@) [ Notes as O varies from Om» 5 % varies Prom +i—>-1 JFor example : T, (cs @) = 0 (3) T, (ase) = a @sO.f = cs(20) Ty (0086) = 4SP- 3018 = wG0) 36 of last met 2. ns ze + j sin 30 je\3 a\2 ov 2°) = (038 + j sind) = (ase +3 QSinO as 0 — si B) (os O 4 j 508) = Y aste — 3080 +5 [ove J OW Fee -lsx st 5 [Tools 1 . They oscillate between tL + CE quad ripple property): (2) Fr [x[>1 > [Too] >1 Cincrenses indefinitely) (3) Fr [xf >4, | T.G)] increases faster with x as nN increases.CO) Ti€és0) 220 by odd n @® Tr (e20) = t41 fery erenn threagh (4,1) » &) Tex) = Tee) fer even 7 Comer fas) Tr GK) =- TK) odel 1 Codd fa.) (Z) Number of aeves of Tylx) sn fr [*{[<4- CARL ves occur in He regi [x[<1) (5) Aee TF, x) pase (2) Thee) = ae Tha) ~ had 2 Move generally a Th (x) = (n ces x) [xis = Cosh (Cn cosh x) x Zs x Ty Gsec Om) | P(G=0) = Let max. allowable [P] in passhencl be Th, = fal Ty ca) = (Al\ Cason Py , can fod 6, « Nobice tat Tr, (see On) = h i Given By s 6 * Int w bee im ) = Os [nes Gee.) which is lavger ian ve Since —— > L »6,< ' a 2 | see Gy, = Cosh [+ cash’ tale | {oe a7, oe | » Once O, is knoe AF. a. 4 S x , Te find Zs, one needs t solve (1) in previeus page for In 5 . Net: T Gee & cs0) = See Oy, C0 0 . Om 26 [Rese] A oe See 0, 0 8 ain = A sec On Z-2z. = A - © => Riz 4% see Om = Baez, > pace 1 ce, = SO a 0 Z4RZ Tee G.)) / Zy+Z > + tn(Z) a a- es @ ae -j28 Ma ae [Res 204450] =e T, (exc0,0058) > a[fusadr gh} = Afaseé, wtb - 1 | =A t sec Bn Cl4 ws26) - 1} = A sec? On (0528 + (see!) | é an = A sel lil = > A-% -/4 tn (2 so 2 Art So Z-2 KT A (se? &,- 1) = o> [gt (S) = ACHE D) pee Find Z, Hum Zz. given 6, (or On) & NAA KZ See book fer Tz Gee Ow wie) & T, (see 8,100) 2.4%, Zz, Using Th =e Ln Zee! gives mere eecuvate ° Zz, A & consistent resules *! Notice that in binomial design » Om EP, do not enter in He calculations of Z's » they are needed only for Bw cale’s - Tn Chebysheo, Hey do eater In te cele. 4s»+ Exact results fe Chebyshev Tuans former designs (8) == TABLE $2 Chebyshev Transformer Design we . Example : transformey , Z, = loo > » Using pages, the plicwing Proceclure caw Losi 2.2032 2.7585 3.7389) 4.6393, 5.4855, 1.0000 0882, 11201 11586 13906 1.2290 1.2583 | vase 1.9000 1.0000 12247 iret 1319 1456s 5651 ur 18612 1.9680 1.0000 1.0000, Vine 12775 1.2979 1-s409 1.4876 2.0167 Lead 24369 18773 3.196) 2.0687 3.8728 26k 4.4967 Ta =008 020 Zita 2aj oo alte Bs] Toom0 1.0080 6000 | 0000 1.0000 10000 1029 12247 13601 | 12257 12287 rape ia7s Lai? 17429 | THES LaLa 15558 121m vaxk rae | 1373 L7az1 21829 1.2962 20000 3.1591 | 14233. 20000 2.7908 13983 24405 4.4833 | 15193 2.4495 3.0492 3084 2enee san | 1sie6 2824 5.0742 14385 3.1623 6.9817 | Letts 31823 G0m20 1.0000. | 1.0000) iam | ina L738 | ant 2se93 | 1.4879 33897 | 1.3692 aam0 | Laas 63578 | 1.4914 7630 | 1.5163 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Lnst 1227 1.2247 13634 1.4669 1.5715 15819 1.8965 2.0168 1.7490 2.2870 2.9214 20231 2.9657 4.2693, 22428 3.5610 5.3684 24210 41305 6.5950 Design a 3— Sections Chebyshev the theory Pp reseuted! followeel Z, © P2005 > bm > Q,N=3> L1dFS => SRI R BL We 14iy2 2,2 4 = PFS = 1.749 4 in Phe previous beoO ( p-tos notes @ Cereb notes Cheek p-252) @ , (e)= 28 [2 as 34h cl] 6 + Ty cesO] Oo 33 - 336 = A GT, (seen 8) A= A= oes sKe Z>2, see Om = cosh | 3 [4% 1)| = 140P a5 Bow 44. _ 3 see? 8, ad Ty (see 8, 50) = Seo*Q,, Cos 30 + = 3 see Om cs 8 Equate terms in step @: > a = A see7On R206 = 7 ah = 2A (seo, 5e¢Ou) = Ml 20-1087 =f Find Zs =e an 2 > Zt SFS 2 ~ z, pethpro A>? Je Wn Ze ay Zz 2 BF Ret 2 x E nek ey Bt om 23 Results agree very well with exact mes.AF 4 Ow SE 2 2- EX 2 hol om Lory ©) Bamdwidth = 4, « greater Han binemial (707) +» Tradeoff was the iwn- ve ripple in He poss band. a + Tl soos => max. in banol Swe = 4. 10S , 1+ SWR = (swe an) 2 Nohce tat number ; > of 2ews = N, why? TL gaan ;* | Notice tat 2 6. & | on FY Om f-f > ie Ms net N=3 3 i" nece arity Mat Ip] = zero St why ? Useful freq. bane! Facts? «4 Fr 4 fixed number of sections, the lowest SWR aevess Chebyshev design always gives the given freq. bandl + 2 Far a MAX. allowable in- band SWR, the Cheby. He widest possible Bw transformer yields er of secdTms (Wv)> » The greater pao Nunh He lower He value of mae. in~ band Swe. CFor a given Om bandwidth) or onExample» 3 seeding Chebysher 2 Lancfenee Gn) has been designed fr 2 use ful Key. band of a bk 3 CHL. Calculate He max. in- bane SWR fr R= 200.2 &Q+Ser., 4 mx. SwR = ft fe + So Heed 7 I I-77, " y= 22% PT. Csee &,) = = 0.6 mh Z+Z ~~ . [ See p-i05 Cookes) > OT, = 06 /G (sec 8.) with A=? l6é. 4 Since Z>Z Dec Em SS 9 48m 4 a 3-2 4 &,, => 222g. 7h 9 2 04% ye x > OG = 04K de Om =f >» O, 204% 3 swe = fod | TO) = I 3K ? ok “1 T Cx) = sh (3 eh i) X>bs 2-2. Sot - ATC $26 Dm) = Ss can be also writken as Th Te (56 On) = [CZ ZYle+zy] where [0 =Exon b Exomple Design binemiak & Cheby. transformers () N22 , R=2%0, R= 50, max, ine Band SwR = 1.08 => fh, 20-0385 Binomial cs Z eas Using Lebles Re =4 § N=2 = 2/%=b442 zw Zs 77 Z,/Z, = 28285 D> ZF Hf. 425 Che by. aS Jn (B)= [,, Sec? Om bn( Ze) 2 2 CY = A gp. nor? ( fast yakelf 1) Zz <70pn ¥ Z, = 138-67 & Assume f = 25 GHE (ve, £= 4 at as CH) OF La. Won Ly DF = hosa GH? Fe z= > f= &- BE = ay = Me £2 4+ af = 3.026 © 3 CHa 1 Tf desived te have geool match ever att band » + > \ Maximal use Cheby > \ ch } Saien TF do not Cave about edges ) Use bine miak 2us0 30 Freeney (2) > End 4&4 for binemniak design!!Chip? — Paver Dividers & Couples @ > These are passive devices used fr power elivisim oy power ceubining « g —.R=«P Combi ; 8 [divieef 2 At B Re ClO F; ‘ Rte Zi Basic Preperties © 3 pert networks S&S M3 + Tn geneva, [8] = Ss, Me, Poe %, SS. Sos » TF passive & contains no anisotropic mectewials > rec procel => Es} ir symmetric « lsuakly > lossless & want & have @ junction Hat 1 mutchecl at all ports C87 + ko cans truct a Fo port losclees , reciprocal network that 18 matched at all pots C proveo! eay Liew), » One of the conch buns shoryld be relaved. Tt is impossible(a) Tf nim-veciprcal => SF 4 9 . a Je > coditm of matching at atl pets can be satisfied. Such a deuce known as a * Civeulaky” —( Cantrine ferrite). » Any matched lossless — 3- pot network must be meeps & Hus @ Circulate. 5. Se st 2 is} ‘, os S, 9% 0 (ols > Ee} fg] = ful a er eA [a l4 P26, 18.1 hS a 1 18,14 18, )° = Can be satisfied ef O & =0= 82 Ms y js, f2 t= 1S0l oR @ My =O Sy = Me fot ped = 1% [= 1%! has + be non-reciprecal « 1S > Sy 4X =o~ mide oe | © : 1 0 0 Oo. a i wow Teeal” Creuladers 2 1 \ @ ~ oO if oO oO e- ble [o ce] Var” 1 6 0 i a CIn the above, phase references © ave arbitrary ) Fer practical? Circulators , we cle fine inserm los C24.) & isolation factor @ RP Z® e Nr a0 ley 1,1] R, a @ Wey Idea circulate : I.L. = 2evo are - Tsalation factor = lo ley eS :/-a0 log Jl | For ideal circulator , isolahim facter = © Closs less > P= h+r R) u rare Vi S, | 2 .[s,[° —— , = 4/vt Poti = V/V,b) A lesgle . © A bowler, sweipiccad ope metus Can be physically reekized if only bwo of Ms ports are matched . Let pots 1 & 2 be these matched perés => t sy. {? Se Ss Si 0 Sag Sig My N33 lossless = Ss" Sey = 0 - (ce Se 9,4 Mp Sys. Si” Mos ¢ Sf Sy =O ~~~ @ ¥ lie b+ (hs Ps £0 1S.) + [Ss f= b —— S 18,14 [Slo [Sal's £ ——@© 80) > | M)=1Ss} SO) => Sig = Say = Reve [f= 1553] = 4 pan, . oT TS fs] = f° 12° oo i _ 12 0 0 [I Consists of a matched apart Line ¥ a fotally Mitmatched 3nd port -© If lossy S- pert nedwevk 5 it Can be @ reciprocal & matched! at até ports . Resishve ctivider is an example (will sty). Can alse be made fe have tolatin: between fee eactput Ports (he, S, < 2 0). This is sometimes needed so that reflections do nef go be the ober port . @ Fare pet netwovks — ( Directional! Couplers ) Os ty. [° fn Sia , ae reciprecall, Ss, 0 Sry Seq ; 2 matched! at Sy Sy 0 Sy ake ports - Sy Sx Soy 0 L Lesks = [9] [e*] =[u] tere => Si” Say ¢ By Sy * ° . _— @) 3 Sig, + Sy Bay ash -@- 8 3 => j= |e [18 i J Stnilarly , from rows OY@ 4 revs o1@: ° Cia]. + (3) #4) can be satisfied if Sy = = | 18 => Directional! Coupler fo St, Sig 0 sy 0 0 Sey os, 0 0 My o Sy Sy © [sal's [les [lated] ia,['4 Js +4 | : ee" ee ep Hla el \ J ‘| Soy ) + | Soy [r= + Practical Caplevs = input © 7 7 ® 5 through pot Tsolated <— © - Coupled . Sort ® Coupler ’ 6 @, we define whew pawer Is net at - ; eq |S] C8) Coupling factor C = log =~ a0 leg [S31 @ I= 40 fog EE = a0 bog | My } So 3 Isola tom 6, Direetuihy D = 10 log = a0 leg Fy] (a8) » Far teal couplers Bist 2 Dew, I= ‘Abbe? T= D+rC (48)> Could choose reference Plows suck bhaé Mp2 Sy = x Wig > B= pee & Sy =pet rees(ahsy 7 Sy 5," My = %eve (wap 38 a? x mt ) > “pe + pe deve & Se —— > &,8% 2. so Org = O — Syomedvic Capler O= p = */2 = , O ax 18 o > [s]- JP z x ¢ } JB 2 +Bet SFO @ & oO ip x o a) Antissmn, Coupler O=0, ¢=% oO x p oO 2 pt ~« 0 0 ~f 2 Xt he B60 @ *& o ~p x oO fj = C3) BC in pS cay be also satisfied if ISs)=18ef & 1Sal= |S] - Book Shows tis could leacl fe same seluéiorr if reference planes ave choseu pre ferry - a Any reciprocal, lossless , makchecl 4- port nedutyk is a directiene’ Coupler.° Hybrid Couplers Gn sat @ C= sd8 © 1S, [= = 8 wm % [M, J- > . = Since (SP ished ® Quadrature hybrid hes EZ phase shift between ports ca) (2) ‘a when fed ak pot = B= x/2 ype a (b+¢=*) C Syme. coupler ) roy . 4. fe ft 3 9 [si = % 41 0 O J 3 0 o Lb oj Lt 0 (eg. 5 magic T oo rat - race) @ 180°- hy briel hes * phese shift between poves (2) & (2) when fed af pvt (4) . > ¢=x% - B= 6 Canti-syprens Cup ) £ 4 0 J g fa} vz {1 0° ° ~L 4 o 0 L o -! tela The T- junction power cinder fate teem pee ® Eran E— plane ple Waeegue ——r gil junc — Te T— junction junction a i eae A eore cep lana arms lam) [C7 Mieostip T- junchon © + Te is a Sport nekwevk used for power divisim or power combining » Lossless janetios => Can not be matched at alg ports at pe Same time = + Lossless divicler T.L. mode! for lossless T-juecho Eguivalewt —> cKT neglecting lis continuity effects - . Now, for matching a eek at Phe input pot # SS ZZExample z Zz Son. End Z & Z, 50 thet @ input pewer is clivided equally to the other peves- 2 (3B clierder-) p.t & ‘h mo 22, y Where Vo is tHe voltage ak ° the junction > Pat we 2 2, Rp, > Bs k= note -Z = ZZ, = Sour = the inpak bs matched! t & - But , Oty ports ave net matched . Can net match aff perts + Find ZZ fer a Ail split rahe het fh mm Z, = IS0R Jo 20acr - ne Ree RR, Pw 2.2 - In general , Rat Pay Zz = (4-%)R, > Z, == Bz ct- Fin 2 ee . Netice, since loss less , , eft B- RrR PS StS AAA matehing cencli hon wt in pat pyt- + TA genevel, Zs might olepencl on frequency 1!o Resishve divider a (23) oo quell spt dinder . Assuming that all pees 2 in 2, 3 4 Zo are terminated Z+ 2242 Cise. input js matebed be feecl “ine ) 2 Since nebwevlke is symm. => Si = Sin = Gy = Bevo .Vz\, 22 -8v, Zfa4 2/3 Me \ = Veta Cnotcee Mia Vs Wah, Wey Ms Te = bb ay zy (Recipioced theck : ; L Check £7] > syomlST) os, tej i]? * snot to ¢ Unitary since 1 1 6 J lossy netwovk « 7 Me elation between Pots ga), fe, So, #0Rei ™M "aS @ R=R= i “k) 1 p a Zz, = y i Half of the supped power dissipated i He resisters 2.3 Wilkinson Power Divider 62 ON ee B-pert network hauray atl Te is aw (easy lation between actput ports matched with ie pets Cie, Shq * Say = tere) > 2 Using eren- odel mecle analysis (see book) ° “32 He at f. Cs] = oO “32 0 “3/8 o o LG is He frags we whieh phe beng eof He a2, Line 's equal b Aly > » This divider is often made in MS or 5 hripline form.« Note He following + 9 (23) CG) Sy = 4, = S=0 (matched af all powts ) (2) Si, = She =O (output ports are isolate! J (3) Syum. £9] Creceprocall netwevee) cy EGual spit whew input at prt ©: [S182 te lowe Ly (5) Net unitery ( (oxy netwwk) C1Sil= 5) (2) Bae, ISN 1S] = 1 > RR eR wh RB input poser at port @- => No power is dissipated in he resister when power ewters from pore @> & output ports are matcher! terminated -_/ (TS, 1 = a | Sh, | = ere Real, 2% g 9,2 4 MS vat When pewer is inpst at pot @, half of He poner goes fe pore O & half ts dissipated! in Me resister + Same thing happen if prt ®@ is He inpat perl. The resisty decouples pots @$®- (8) Con be used as a Combiner, Signals a @&@ witl Sum at pet O: Vp = (WTS+ When power is input at prt ©, no current flows in the vesisty since both ends are at Ho Same potential - a4 ? Bz, where . Z, 2 2 0F2)" 42 z > Zi, = Z, Ce, port © b matched ) - Unequal sple Wilkins divider ®24 Waveguide Directional Coup lers ay) Recall , input @ @, re — — Tl — = RR a6 @ Coup Ling factor P C= lolog = Jf R Z-D+C (8) Direc fu _ 10 log irectivnty p= 10 log Tsclatim TL = fo log R PR, » Teal coupler z lossless + matched at all ports B pe T=” CHF o) ; _ » Bethe — hele ; - @ coupled Ty t ) €(2 opu D7 Choosing Te minimise Ro Tyvecs) 4 minimize Fy Typect sin(Z8)2 22 & maximize % y ne) yea chese sin (ZS) = 2 makes fy =o acAj—a* ) > p=” Where Ay = C/$ 4 Sesign freg « 3 distance from center of hole th He edge.2 ky pew , at He design fre. CCagtin) (es) C= 20 leg 1X? leg IA De ae bg len . GRE aay x sabary ae a whore ip vackive of Uo Cirele Age guide warelong He , dg = = 0 Fa 4 pe (a): Cw Gwen as ahove with (44 X*) rep lace by fyox? . & Dam design feg- Exenple s Design a Bethe tole coupler Ceype) 5 X-band waveguicle , f= 7EHE , C= aa dB. A= A826 mn , ba t0.16 Sin (44) 2 Ae a {a(ney Fxto7 x? Ce ade => 1X - 10> Xt 1M+1=0 Raw Xs ofetoxs a X= 9.89298 SO wer xX 2 lean > een 4.9. | ene im@(ZE) mp [rp = 4.65 mel oe 15.2 ma | 5 J ~ +. whene A ax ; very loeye not accepted |/ J-B + Be hyip = Aq |» Notice that D is meve a sensitive te freq» Tt - un te cancedlesm § »- 4o- amponewts . so of 2 wae depends ol 19 3580 859093 100 TOS Tho Frequency GHz Two ~hele dire cAivnl coupler ee @ Coupled @ tselated , je f 8, Bees a,ehs ee B, io assume amp 2 at @ cmp ere Seape ON Ling coeffi = By & By ae called aperture r (So 4) ul quan fines sue Usually , Hay are Tato forward veawe at He Pp sipa lane of Me and sloé =-aBhe wWowre Ti pl bre kwavre = Bt B, € wwntt add ont of phase if apd =n% el (ive. ) total cancelation at pave ®) 3B, Spon2x Ey nel => Noho that complete cancellation occurs af @ Single reg. only I C 2-40 log a} & | D = 26 leg a8 [Bul [te 2°?" | = 20 leg i Bel 12, | bexCps)| By 4B, ave generally slowly varying fr’ of Frequency = Cis net fry sensitive Bu, D is freg. sensitive (€25 (pel) Ho m) + Can design « mu Le ho le ceupler Binomial & Chebyshew , => higher bandwidth for D> [ BoA Fy BA FA BA FLA BA Fy BA FyA vee mele Fee aye ie e Not kactly 10 equi- ripple - 2” < ¥-hole 4 30) < Theve is a term 8 Che by clepencting om a Coupler 4: ais 85339995 TTS Tho Frequency GHzZs Guadrature hybrid (70° hybrid ) i 131) 346 couplers wih a 90° phase + They are He cut pets of Ha trreegh & difference in coupled cams» (oe He design freq) Branch Line coupler Can Use nic vostyiP og BS Coaxi ~ anpu D I Sige 2 (Aiew) : ay T= D Curpu) ch da MS Live af) *X [ln ange fe solated) @ i {et (Gu lect) Ceater wavelength wm BT pam Canduckov “NE a : width. . Using exen-odol mode analysis (See boo ke) cel? FE 3, 0 0 F ot jy Afy at oles ign Kea . Distances ave ta MS Mie + whore A is waveleng H 9 Bo, C&D ae fey sens itive because of A/y ofistance » “ © Band width Limited & -ac% - Can vse mmuleple sectios ini 8% | cascade» & 75%Fron River nen oe 2 © C= 10 log Le = \ i > a ay Ze! . 2.22 el ee \1- Za ao St > Z, = Z/Zo Lay at des ign Frey: Z, = Zs [Zo Cum Zee > calculate Zo; ¥ Soa” in preeTaus C2346 > Z,, = 2/8 { as Zy = Zo page « cS 4.6 Coupled Line Directional Carpler - ne ee » When 2 TiL.'s are close together , power can be caupled between the Dines CEM couphing) - » Coupled Lines can be used to build stirectionl Couplers 5 hybrids > & filers . Broad side “ Cargled : StriplineCeupled Lines can be r 5 Can epreseute dl as fellows: ® Lil / os Cyt capaci tone between He 2 conductors in He absence of grand + between each ship aor capacitances Y ground He absence of other ship C2 Con iF stvips have same width & to ground . boc atim fe lative Even mode + wen Uwall ® CkTed - Cy ts effective Ly open - feu tical > Q= Cy = C 7 strips) . Z-ifte = {beCe ‘Oe Cc. G “EG 2& s phase ve locity r we Cassone | Ce is He capacitance of either Line bo He ground fev the even mode,» Odd mede Effechve capaci bance between €itey strip & Grasnd C= Gye 2G, = Oo, 420, Zo: % «aC, Nee tt CPQ> 2 < Z, Casuming Bc Fev coupled stripline s Be = Pro = whe But, for Mil Line s Be # Bo |) since uagur Che a modes operate with oi ffevent field configuratims in the air- €, interface) An arbitrary excitatim can always be treated’ as Super posi tim of appropriate amp “s of even & odd modes . — Gh _ — 4/2 &g., mT — — + oe ——— a we —SThe capacitances C&C, Can be obtninedl @) analytically or numerically or Using alesign Curves eZ 28 Ze 2, bhiiipiyiyit a a Exam ple Broadside coupled strip line with Wx S & Web: Cat capaci tance ef oe of He ships to greund in He absence of the other strip —W— c, | \s eW eW Cy = + C-Hfa Cb+ Da ad Gy = tthe W = GQ, ? Ca = x best 8 eC Ge Cut Cn i J I = > ee vo VIiebeEr as ve Ee2 Design of Coupled Line Couplers A single Section coupler is as fellows : Coupled Tsaated Note 3 Ne a Tee WN ground - Input ® ‘Thecus Fy any @> if Zs VA. 20. | then i che ) Ze Ze Che pot O# mat 2) ed - By spots alt cite ports are Ma w vp, - 2 — oc Za- Ze vi-c? + j bone t Zit Soo Valtage Coupling Pector (3) Vy = ee (¥e, D=*) w ValV = ——— {inc ws + j 508 (s) Matching & directivity are freg. insensitive « Bats Zoe ¥ Zoo could be freq. sensitive in practice I,(€) In the above it assumed Mat B= Be» so He Line has same eleckvienl leugih for beth mooks - @D 1 . le DAL a a a | 5 eo ® a Zoe - Sev : = Va 2 C = & > 2-3 fI-¢ My Zoe + Zee t © phare Note Hat cel & tore 1s 4% oo as chif e twe Vv, > or be we - shift between Va 3 suede hybri C is He coupling factey at ie design feg-y thak is He frey. at which pe coup Ling lougtt is Ala + : -Zz 44+C Given Z&C 7|% ° VEC - . 7 [ies ine = Zoe Ep Z| = 8 _ 2%. | =e tZ Z-% EC Kee Ze H Ze» find dimensions Msg GUE or formulas «Exam ple : i om ple: Design a a dB coupled Line caupler in stip Line with b= 1S om, E,=a,5¢, Z=50L > couter freq. = 3 €H2. ~ 20/20 C = 20dB = 10 =o1 L Ws _ so fit whee? © Wee ott Cm gfe 203! => sane Bate = 156 cm ~ A. See Coup hing long H = F Case (340) o——_—_-— — D> Wes Coupling (8B) 7 3 + The nomograms shoon in next page can be used te find W/b & Sh to. » Again, mux. cou p Ling =~ 20 log a= (2. >Z.)Zaye 20 Zap te ashi in See 8-30, 2g S200 VEZ Zoe and Zo ae efi in Soe 8-3, 2p € oe fonction of Ze ahd Zy5 (©) Nomovam giving 5) Figure #28 (cou)4-3 The (90° hybrid ee + A Y= port network with 190° phase shift hetween the 2 out put pre- Can also epevate so that outputs Ove in Phase . Oz ___@ 190 er ® @ Unitar Sono. 0 L 4 ° [sJ= ~~] 4 eo Oo vf yz L ° © 0 -L i o > Sigal in © splits inte A in~ phase camponeuts at @&@+ Nothing goer oO 1 Signed in @ splits equally i @4@ with 180° phase difference » Ne thing goes bt O- Wik Input signals at @ & @ sinu laneously , => Sum will be at O & Difference will be at @ « y= Cur) > We = (Y%-K%) Rot © catleed "Sum" pert CE) ~ Pot © catlecl difference (A) port© Cakl call @ as T pot , and @ as A pert if input signals at O4@- » Ring hybrid Crat-race) in M8 ov SivipLine @ Dy wv To NS 3 a \ Oa t © j 25 ©® > Cosicder a signa? at prt © => voltage nutd exists at & difference ja path long ths is Ma gives /80" phase hiffevence - not affect Me Stancliup The Aly Line & Phe t info sce te which => Sherong @ will wave in tHe ving say Line bansform He shoyt Cincei open circuits af pot ® £Q- z. (82 =aZ AZM 2Z, = Ze ay (te(ewz, > match ing at pxt®- » Con be built using wavegurteles toe. Waveguide magic T a ne ae eT @ @ j= SH-arm S O® a cembinakim ef E- plane ¥ H- plane Tees. » Te is En- phase ue MOHHIAg quot spat — “@ ge TE 1 lent a O&O ; at © —STnitis— i _— TE. ancviload ot © fo = nok ing —6 o— a Oo » & ot of phue ual split + Ale ports are mathe el a © Jo: . E & H- arms Gre cle cau pleo! (@ ~@) Signad in coplanar arm : J 4 lanar . » @ 4 & . The two cep splits equally in oe “cape armsE xeimp le Consider a magic - tee eu pler , (43) Pie t Wo. Find pauey delivered t He t loads Gnnected @& the other perts & the powee reflected pert 4 (a) TH ali pets ave match terminated > ie, Mz Qe Yr R= aero since Sy O° In this Case 5 ports 2 £3, Pt splits equally between P= tere Be B-h W eM (hb) Tf 2,2 242. 5 A= 0b F Zyo% > Rzoil , =-0.95 5 =o Roev delivered Z 2 R= R-f a ” 4 »Z,-R -=8- Ro “u - > - ot - ‘ » 2,2 Re R-B eH since [=O -BP = On @ © g . Jue . az, i = aut esha us wa Va = ve SY ~ 1 f2 fet]? 2 Bs iP LET po pts yw QZ, = 24 Similoly » Be C-(8P) B = O-IGR iis 7 No, Posh - 6 Ve gw + V+ SNe + she Va = Me BV + Sy Be =H AV DR NY > Ws 033 ¥" Finally » R= MT Ve Su 4 fa BM Ta ye o Re 0. 0064 WW =! 3, As uy" +R SM SV, = - 008 yt lke. P - Nicte B+R+R +P = at=fwW K "1Exame le Cons; — ensicler a caupled «Line cau p lew (45) wi 2 =<, wi Zs som , Zug = CISL, Zi ez jor . eG ‘7 La Aly at the design fequeny f. (4) Calculate the coupling fackr at f Wik Le Aly @ nrax. cotcpliny See = Zoe = (2 ads => C =-2 fog (hb) With Pet © as input , caltylate He drechunty if prt @ i bevmimated with fl =0.05. Assume no reflechins at chhew pw Ls 7 2. -. * + se Tee Vs oan Vy V3 = = Set Z Moe 4 file 7 D= Ie ley ie vet -j on V " Ew 4 Crea > TT Re C-180) 8 o> @ a= ME LL sys" *2o az, — ESP RE Ar - az, - =1a,) 12 RB D210 beg O-iaF) RB 'ss PRP R ? = D = 26.8dR8 aeApp Licatiens : » Microwave Duplexer: A Spat netwevk that bo both transmit & allows @ single antenna a protectny ve Yeceive EM signals while receiver from Hhe bransmitter POver- recent Receiver Transmitter Duplexer sawena Figure 8-37 A schematic diagram of a doplexer. Reveiver ortiz 2, g Matched 203 toad Antenna ow wansmitter Figure 8-38 The mapic-tee hybrid as a ew duplexer. The &-H tuner Adjustable short circuit ot *| x 1y Y/3 Input my HH acm Input Adjustate — shot eeu « & igure 4-22 The E-H waveguide tuner and its equivalent circuit. The values of X, and X, are variable and may be either positive or negative Output+ Faser rionitor + The meter ge Load @ > ——— ® pat 2 samples oa) aera — a potion of the o-¢ BO ® transmi Hey poder . 7 Cw Chasen such Hat practically ate the transmitter paver p. is oledivere! & He ankuna. Typically , C220 % 6048 - / PR Pp eg, C230 AB = lo (9 GE > BP soe ov R/p = 102 or aL ¥ oly D R99 Y appears at pat 2. + With <4 =Z, , matoheol pvt 4, & Dao => meter reaoling ts inoleperclowt off Qubenna reflections . Even shovtin pvt a has no effect on meter reading - Any reflections at prt2 are absabed by Z, & matched! load at 4 . Tf C is knam & meter is accurake > PR=zCR P wee fom ‘eter rex oting Sou ce® @® “Vt 5 ~ a LTE wo. diectinty y fh20 & =o wh#4e Vee 3,y/ Ve = Sy Vo = Sa Ve 7 > Ret IAPR = a & Since C = z with iaput at @ = imp ! for loose carping > P=" 2 Re BEE Lal’ p gy “ ~Tf Den SN] 40 3x Oe Rs \y oe + BW) mac BLY as Ve) oni lealeage \vop fm ve. ost leakage from O & @ Hem ref locked by. + The veflectometer Used & measure CK sue) ef an unknown — load im peclewce. Post ort3 + ae | © port 4) Siem a oe Figure 8-36 A reflectometer circuit Assuming D= 3d. » */P, >» Ra = trl ty tuose Re P cniplis Tinnsmitter switch : Switching of & single bransm i €or between Q antennas Final power © P- eesatfe . a fel ep Figute 8-49. Magic Tee as @ Transmitter Switch» Circulator Duplexer s 7 paths poths (\\ ey * a a3 Bee LS = ath i ioee, Receiver Figure 8-43. Circulator Duplexer. Recevey Cea oO Ee = s z 180° =o Non=reciprocal phase shifter Figure @-44. High-Power Circulator. Duplexer: Radars which share the antenna between transmitter and receiver require a ‘method of altemately connecting the antenna tothe transmitter and receiver and isolating the other system. The doplexer performs this roe. It also protects the receiver from the transmitted power. Sine the switching must take place in very short times (nanoseconds) and since large RF power levels can be involved, electronic switches are used. Most radar duplexersare one of two types: circulator, and TR tube (for ansmit-reccive). The circulator duplexes contains a high-power RF circulator, which is composed of signal couplers and phase shifters such tata signal entering one port has alow attenuation path only tothe next port ina particular direction (Fig, 8-43). The low attenuation paths in the circulator shown are poms 1-2, 23, 3, and 4-1, The remaining paths are high attenuation, Radar duplexers require only thre ports: transmitter, antenna, and receiver, However, because ofthe relatively high leakage between the transmitter and receiver ports, four port circulators are commonly used, The fourth port isbetween the transmitter and receiver and js terminated, incfeasing the path loss. A high-power four-port circulator is shown in Fig. 8-44, Magic ees are common devices in radars and are discussed later in this section. ‘After reading the section on magic tes, the reader should be able to explain the operation of this duplexer,Chap. ist Microwave Filter 8:3 Insertion Loss Method » Define power loss vaio Z [ + Load! PR = Famer available from source a Sate from Sour. Fewer delivered to lead Bae Pane .-! "PF Rosy) 7 hirer oad ine « Insertion Loss in db ' IL = to log Re : b ; Px Zin=Zo | Zn-% 2 fo log 2 =~ Io log |S, ZntZ. Zaz J RS 2 Jif ’seurce , . ] G@unected » For a filter to be physically reabitele a ly Pe shard be ef He forme : P= |e M (w*) » M&N are i te N (a*) polynomials in &- Reason: Section 44 Shows that } Pea)" is an even fr. of Wd oly even series of phe form Atbwrecwte. can be used le represeut [Peer => 1Pwi]> = MM)/L MO) en(wy]+ Maximally flat Chinomial , Butlerworth) @ » Provides the fluttest possible passband response fer % Given filter order . Fer low-pass (L.PR.) filter r order of Filter Pw we f fle P= t+ k (#) we t_— cutoff freg. + The first Can-t) cevivative: are aero at W=0 FIGURE 8.21 Maximally at and equabripple 1ow-pass Siler responses (N = 3). 2 ° Pe (wre) =z lek choose it as tHe FdB pent = Cie, to log Re 23 > Re .) oy = bel (wilh use this from now éonically ho v . attenuation imoveases mono 7 Fe wees * E( wy aN Ly wx ee @ Re * te é Til. ineveases jhe vate of A0N dbflecade, te, Tet. [ lo log BY” = 2oN log = 20N log io =a0N ] clecade+ Passhand extends from w-=0 bo wea + @® In this region [| is small => most of fhe power is deliveved bo the load . Equal ripple 1k WOE) Using By = Gives a sharpev cutoff & ripples in penbanc/ of amp: (L4k ) Since Thy C) oxcidlates between cf for Jal sd . tN nls eee) > Rey wD & _. ke, 2 ON aN > Ree EY soe Venema? at rate 20N db&/cecade . Also , increases GI] Maximally Flat Lew- Fass Filter Frotolype ; + Assume Source imp. of 12 & what Cie, novmalized in terms of inp. & freq.) 7 Nea a LR filter retotype ck 7 Prototype Desired, [, = ie (Sy” -o- feoZ, = job, RU-jekO) (4) 1408 RC na Zn wt Ios 2 Since Zork & Zi § in 3 te Toph PPT az, 4 Zn) = i 2 > Ra = tee [CR OR Ce Le aLck wo EC rut] Compare te desired vespose Rea = lew” * Re Core) si => shating L's => & penning C's Equating facty => C+Le-alc <0 = (c-L)=0 > Cak equating ws facky => + Above procedure can be lene fer any - + Foy Source imp cf 12 § w= 1, tbles can be used for element valuer ef Lackler — bype Circuits+ Ladder cwreuits for LPR filter probe types : eying with a Shunt ‘element begins with — ae sevies element © e __ FIGURE 825 —Laddercircuitsforlow-pus filter prototypes andtheirelenient definitions. () Proto- type beginning with a shunt element. b) Prototype begining witha eres element TABLE 83 a 2.0000 142 1.0000 0.7654 osiso 05176 0.4850 03902 93473, 0312 "Element Values for Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototypes (gy = 1,4 =1,.N=1 t0 10) 8 # 1.0000 14142 1.0000 2.9000 1.0000 1.0000 LSAT 1.8478 0.7684 1.6180 2.0000 1.6180 141d 19318 1.9318 12470 1.8019 2.0000 Lal) 1.6629 1.9615 Logo 1.8321 1.8794 0.908 14142 1.7820 & 1.0000 9.6180 14182 1.8019 1961s 2.0000 19738 be 1.0000 05176 1.2470 1.6629 18798 Loans & 1.0000 0.4850 nant 13321 1.7820 & fe en 1.0000 0.3002 1.0000 1.000 0.3473 1.0000 1442 0.9080 03129 1.0000 ‘Sowre: Reprinted fom G. 1. Mathai L. Yours, and EMT. Jones, Microwave Filters, npedace Matching [Nemorts, and Coupling Sacer im Mase Artech Hoe 1980) with permis, seties and shunt connections, and g has the following definition: vel ecfn=[ aust generator resistance (network of Figure 8.25a) generator condictance (network of Figure 8.256) Inductance for series inductors capacitance for shunt capacitors load resistance if gy is a shunt capacitor | Such conventin leads to eq.’ of = [oad conductance if gy isa series inductor idlenbicad form for He a cic - Netice symmetry of component values « g = 4 always . Nebe its definition. Net Both Circuits give Same respune Cdual of each other ) Above table can be Used with any of He circuits.» Determining the site, or ovder CN), of &® / 1, the filter : - Specify Tnsevtim Loss (TL. = 10 log Ryd LR “ some freg. in be stophanc! . Then, use the Following figure : 0 “J (Ss SSS Thsev ton less 10 fo5 Lt O1 a2 03 Os 07 10 2 30 ~C«S NO il FIGURE 8.26 — Atteruation versus normalined requeney fog maximally Nat ter prototypes, + For example , f= 2G He , wanted: attenuation cf ao de at tL GHe- us — AL gs 0375 He [-4 2% ane shoulel choose N2P Take Nae Frm above Curves , bo satisfy He above cenclitim. ~ oR use Lo log C+") el ed a Ne key Lol’ 11/@ beyc4 ixe)) + Abow example gives N = F-215 > Choose N=e -Te Find g’ 5 Fined Gz, > OMe Gan we Hy Fillessing °9.'s instead of tables . J §, = asin [GEDEY G aN REM a Wi wee L - = > i= 4,7 d Sy Neg = i ' > Gs asin FE) +22 q,, §, = 2 sin (SR) 2 1B | before Equal Ripple LP filter prototype > Re = t+ FB Cw , wed where f¢k* is Me ripple Lived in passbancl Note tat Ry lwso) = te ke Te Co) > Reales f= 4 fer odel Wz Tyle)=0 = Lak? for enen WV, Ty (o) 2th COR ONsas B= tee Rte) = Ly £ (awry = Lek (44 4u%L) = Re 1 L ¥ Re = de ge Leys b Rk c (Ret, Le ALR) wy COR ot]One can find RL, 8 C if ripple levee Cty JD is known - 2 a GR) At w-o=e> lek = 1 4R > £- U- Ry aR > |p bo ake take | Rez leak tak Viek ( fer even N) (net only N=) >» Fy as dB ripple => 10 log (1+) = OF => k= 0.34931 = R= 1.9841 & O- S04 : ? Listed in tables Remember: 9, 18 next page for any , Med even W) conduckance if 9, is ” . a series inducty ot Notes Ci.984/) = 0-SO¥ fi » Equete wr & wt coe ficients = zt 7 ptt, i? : ee RO ee ee go 4k eh eR te final aR Lec. Fer odd Ny it can be shown that R=1, be, Suet > Lo Since Re =i at w=0- . For even No 4, * if He loa! has ty Crovmatized ) impedance - Can use ther element tomake W ode. $ => mismatch actwally a uni My transformer » or add ano* Here is a table foy element values ® (424 > wrt, oS dB ripe) TABLE 84 Element Values for Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Fiter Prototypes (go = 1, we = o5a6 ripple) 5 ¢B Ripple ~ Ee 5.0000 onan 1986! 110867 1.5963 1.0000 11926 23661 0.8819 12295 25408 1.2295 32479 26064 1.3137 12583 26381 L344 12647 26564 1.3390 1.0000 0.8696 9881 12883 1.7372 1.0000 1.3389 25093 0.8796 1.9841 12690 2.6678, 13673 26678 1.2690 7504 1,000 12721246758 1.3806 3] 1348525239 G88? 1.8841 + Tf the stepband adtenuatrin “+ spec fied ak nm specific fregs > the following curves can be used + speafy N- C10 le5 Re ) » Similay table & Curves exist in Rea for 3de& ripple J Nokice synm. exists for odel My but not fer even WV.+ Fovmulas 2 Design a Cheby. filter with 3) G, dB of ripple in pass band ue, G, = lo log Chek’) / _ aa wet, 9.7% > A> oe g, 2 1 %er ae b 2 2,8,0,N . : Pent Tes ~ N odd qu = J * Nal 2 en { wth ( F/y) nine Jn f ech (==) | Be 17-37 y 2 sinh ( B/@N)] a, = sin | Geo? | g Ket apo N aN : 27 ke 2 1,8), Nd b= Ya sin OG ) 4 Glo a th N - ceh [“0=7e 4 where Lis Me cosh (fue ) atlenuatin ot a specific freq: 29.5 for N22 & 6,= 0548 (a) in He stepbancl. W = look , aete > a= > b, = 2.01606 Ya 2 (5, = 140399 7 9, = 2-09) Cas in tehies) I24 Filter Trans formations TE ert + THE new, we usec! Ris te 2 w=t I . © rope dance 5 cabling 3 Muteply He impedances of He Prototype clesin by RR. Ro = scurce resistance , the new filter com ponent value are ‘ Le RL, Cac, Roe RR, >Re Re, >» Rist except for equal ripple , even N . @® Frequency Scaling + To change Cateff from 1 to ak 5 replace woby Wie => new power fuss rate Re = Re Clue) + Incluctevs + 5X, 23 Sky a jek, » Capacitors : . j 8, > DEG: je = new valves are Cy. = a s ¢F “Resistors are not “flected.® Both imp. & Frey. scaling : [ Ly: Fe 0 Low pass be high poss transformation : — Uk replace a by “TS = maps W=0 to Wate , & w= b wW=0 : We J Me == AL es Jee Pu 5B, --j C= * Ja jolt a Sevies Ly must be replaced with C, & Shunt Ce replaced by LX. The new com nent values are J bk p cele yt k ww Ly & Le we Cy Ine lacking —imp> scaling S R, \ ° => ae & Lye Ce Ry He Le we C. Exomple Design maximally flue LR frlter » f= a GHe, R, = Sor + AL least is SB insey Hien loss at 3 €He,. = 4%anp N=S a log (w/w)Using boble 833 g= ts J= G5 eee @ a a SeaLing 3 C= 0. E18 = 6.984 pF 1 Ro We . , 2 Use this ciccuit / (other circuit Ly = Ly = LEER 2438 AH can be used He) We C= 3183 pr = , 50 requeney (GH)Example: Cheby- filter with ot Je ripple - Ge) R= 50% pF i GHt ,N=a-O€ Stepped impeclance LP Filters @® he Shove lewaih Sewvies Lis replaced! with high- imp: 4 Line sechm (Es Z) , while shunt Cis replaced! with lew imp. ; kine section (Za Z). J Shot Length #) + The vate Z/Z, shail be as Migh as possible . 4, & Zy are set tai ba tly ecceveling & fabrication Limitations - + Reeadd from Chap. 5 netes Ke Z pe i Zh = Z>> Pl<*/q 7 an = } Ze, p = tev pe a ae es BES */y > Lengihs are evaluate! af Wt fb get He best sponse near cutoff - 4s Fer incluctors 34 ae Xe 2 wel 2 (Bik) RL, i a a a> Fer capaci bors pe = 2 CZ = eh CEG 2 ~ CZ pl = et Ro Example 2 Design stepped imp. LP filter , maximally flet response , fi 225 Che. : ° ret. Necessary io have mere Man 2 dS Ll. ak& R, = Sour C filter impedance ) - 4 GH. T HE Usie Z = ow , Za 22h - Imp Lement i 9g microstyip Line with dz o.isP em, Ep = 42, Jen $ 20.02, Copper wilh Os mik Hickness + Debermining N 2 Ne b9 Le) = Y.822 2 log (w/w) ~ can choose N=S- Posay wes curves and gets Ne é As a check : Re = ey” - Gey for Nes = leh = aous dB which is lager then speci free! Ti. at 4 6H2- Aryl, lets babe N= as Porar,Using table ®3 => 47 I. + 94 7 1932 a SIPC, 9,5 JL aid, ds = et a Sa, 1T Te [> — gw Cis with of Z&Sq” secs L's Replace py Legis are lors Hran me sechm - Miorosteip Layee * ——————————— = = t Find widths using Designer.