CHM 1045 Notes Dr.

Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations

3.1 Dene and distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds and represent molecules with formulas. [Readings 3.2-3.4 Problems 23-32]

Elements and Compounds

elements combine together to make an almost limitless number of compounds the properties of the compound are totally different from the constituent elements

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Formation of Water from Its Elements

Chemical Bonds
compounds are made of atoms held together by chemical bonds bonds are forces of attraction between atoms the bonding attraction comes from attractions between protons and electrons

Covalent Bonds: Molecules

Molecules result from a chemical bond between two or more atoms Covalent Bonds form when two atoms share electrons Example: H2 O, CO2 , C6H12O6

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Bond Types
two types of bonding - ionic and covalent ionic bonds electrons have been transferred between atoms oppositely charged ions that attract each other
metal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms

covalent bonds result when two atoms share some of their electrons
nonmetal atoms bonded to nonmetal atoms

Formation of Ionic Compound

Click on pictures to view movies.

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) ! 2 NaCl(s)

Na+ ions and Cl- ions are formed by the transfer of an electron from a Na atom to a chlorine atom of Cl2 . The resulting ions arrange themselves in a 3D array of alternating charged ions.

Formation of Molecular Compound

Click on pictures to view movies.

P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) ! 4 PCl3(l)

Discrete molecules of phosphorous trichloride, PCl3, are formed by reacting solid phorphorous with chlorine gas.

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Molecular and Ionic Compounds

Copyright 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Molecular compounds - fundamental particles are discrete molecules such a water, H2O Ionic compounds - fundamental particles are ions arranged in 3D array such as shown for sodium chloride, NaCl

Formula Types
Name Chemical Formula Structural Formula

methane - CH4 ethane C2 H 6 propane C3 H8

Structural Formula

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3

Ball and Stick

Types of Formula Empirical Formula

Empirical Formula describe the kinds of elements found in the compound and the ratio of their atoms
they do not describe how many atoms, the order of attachment, or the shape the formulas for ionic compounds are empirical

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Types of Formula Molecular Formula

Molecular Formula describe the kinds of elements found in the compound and the numbers of their atoms
they do not describe the order of attachment, or the shape

Types of Formula Structural Formula

Structural Formula elements found in the compound the numbers of their atoms order of atom attachment type of attachment
use lines to represent covalent bonds each line describes the number of electrons shared by the bonded atoms
single line = single covalent bond double line = double covalent bond triple line = triple covalent bond

Representing Compounds Molecular Models

Models show the 3-dimensional structure Ball-and-Stick Models use balls to represent the atoms and sticks to represent the attachments between them Space-Filling Models show the electron clouds

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Chemical Formulas
Hydrogen Peroxide Molecular Formula = H2O2 Empirical Formula = HO Benzene Molecular Formula = C6H6 Empirical Formula = CH Glucose Molecular Formula = C6H12O6 Empirical Formula = CH2O

Types of Formula

Molecular View of Elements and Compounds

Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Classifying Materials
atomic elements = particles are single atoms molecular elements = particles are multi-atom molecules molecular compounds = particles are molecules made of only nonmetals ionic compounds = particles are cations and anions

Molecular Elements
Certain elements occur as 2 atom molecules
Rule of 7s

Other elements occur as polyatomic molecules

P4 , S8, Se8

7A

H2

N2

O2

F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

Molecular Elements

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

3.2 Write the formula and name for ionic compounds [Readings 3.5 Problems 33-48]

Ionic Compounds
metals + nonmetals no individual molecule units, instead have a 3-dimensional array of cations and anions made of formula units many contain polyatomic ions
several atoms attached together in one ion

Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are formed from positive and negative ions Subscripts are used to indicate an electrically neutral formula unit Use the smallest whole number set

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Compounds that Contain Ions

if Na+ is combined with S2-, you will need 2 Na+ ions for every S2- ion to balance the charges, therefore the formula must be Na2S

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the metal cation and its charge Write the symbol for the nonmetal anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the sum of the charges of the cation cancels the sum of the anions

Write the formula of a compound made from aluminum ions and oxide ions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the metal cation and its charge Write the symbol for the nonmetal anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? potassium ion with a nitride ion

calcium ion with a bromide ion

aluminum ion with a sulde ion

Naming Ionic Compounds

Binary Ionic Compounds Cation name is rst e.g. Na+ is sodium Anion is named second
The stem is used followed by ide e.g. O 2- is called oxide S 2- is sulphide

Na2 O is called sodium oxide Sodium chloride Barium chloride

Metal Cations
Type II Metals with Type I Metals with Invariant Charge Variable
metals whose ions can only have one possible charge

Charges

+3, Ag +1, ! metals whose ions can Groups 1A+1 & 2A+2, Al +2, Sc+3 Zn have more than one cation name = metal name possible charge ! determine charge by charge on anion ! cation name = metal name with Roman numeral charge in parentheses

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Ionic Compounds
Distinguish between Type I vs. Type II metals Type I ionic compound names include the cation and anion only

Type I Metals

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds for Type I Metals (Invariant Charge)

Contain Metal Cation + Nonmetal Anion Metal listed rst in formula and name 1. name metal cation rst, name nonmetal anion second 2. cation name is the metal name 3. nonmetal anion named by changing the ending on the nonmetal name to -ide

Example Naming Binary Ionic with Invariant Charge Metal

CsF
1. Identify cation and anion 2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion

4. Write the cation name rst, then the anion name

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Name the following compounds

1. KCl

2. MgBr2 3. Al2S 3

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds for Type II Metals (Variable Charge)

Contain Metal Cation + Nonmetal Anion Metal listed rst in formula and name 1. name metal cation rst, name nonmetal anion second 2. metal cation name is the metal name followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicate its charge
determine charge from anion charge common ions Table 3.4

3. nonmetal anion named by changing the ending on the nonmetal name to -ide

! " determine the charge on the anion

Determining the Charge on a Cation with Variable Charge Au2S3

Au2S3 - the anion is S, since it is in Group 6A, its charge is -2 since there are 3 S in the formula, the total negative charge is -6

# " determine the total negative charge $ " determine the total positive charge
since the total negative charge is -6, the total positive charge is +6

% " divide by the number of cations

since there are 2 Au in the formula and the total positive charge is +6, each Au has a +3 charge

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Example Naming Binary Ionic with Variable Charge Metal

CuF2
1. Identify cation and anion

2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion 4. Write the cation name rst, then the anion name

Name the following compounds

1. TiCl4 2. PbBr2 3. Fe2S 3

Example Writing Formula for Binary Ionic Compounds Containing Variable Charge Metal manganese(IV) sulde
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? 1. copper(II) ion with a nitride ion

2. iron(III) ion with a bromide ion

Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are single ions that contain more than one atom Often identied by (ion) in formula Name and charge of polyatomic ion do not change Name any ionic compound by naming cation rst and then anion

Some Common Polyatomic Ions

Name
acetate carbonate

Formula
C2H 3O2 CO3 2

Name
hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate sulfate sulte hydrogen sulfate (aka bisulfate) hydrogen sulte (aka bisulte)

Formula
ClO ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 SO42 SO32 HSO4 HSO3

hydrogen carbonate HCO3 (aka bicarbonate) hydroxide nitrate nitrite chromate dichromate ammonium OH NO3 NO2 CrO42 Cr2O72 NH4+

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Patterns for Polyatomic Ions

! " elements in the same column form similar polyatomic ions
same number of Os and same charge ClO3 - = chlorate " BrO3- = bromate

# " if the polyatomic ion starts with H, add hydrogen- prex before name and add 1 to the charge
CO3 2- = carbonate " HCO3 -1 = hydrogen carbonate

Periodic Pattern of Polyatomic Ions

-ate groups
3A
-3 BO3

4A
-2 CO3 -2

5A
-1 NO3 -3 -3

6A
-2 -2 -2

7A
-1

SiO3

PO4

SO4

ClO3 BrO3 IO3

AsO4

SeO4

-1

TeO4

-1

Patterns for Polyatomic Ions

-ate ion
chlorate = ClO3-1

-ate ion + 1 O # same charge, per- prex

perchlorate = ClO4-1

-ate ion 1 O # same charge, -ite sufx

chlorite = ClO2 -1

-ite ion 1 O # same charge, hypo- prex, -ite sufx

hypochlorite = ClO-1

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Polyatomic Ions
SO42SO32NO3 NO2 ClO3 ClO2 ClO ClO4

Example Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion

1. Identify the ions 2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion 4. Write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion

Na2SO4

Example Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion

Fe(NO3) 3
1. Identify the ions 2. Name the cation 3. Name the anion 4. Write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Name the following

1. NH4Cl 2. Ca(C2H3O2)2 3. Cu(NO3)2

Example Writing Formula for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ion Iron(III) phosphate
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Reduce subscripts to smallest whole number ratio Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

Practice - What are the formulas for compounds made from the following ions? 1. aluminum ion with a sulfate ion

2. chromium(II) with hydrogen carbonate

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

hydrates are ionic compounds containing a specic number of waters for each formula unit water of hydration often driven off by heating in formula, attached waters follow
CoCl2 6H2O

Hydrates

Prex No. of Waters hemi mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

in name attached waters indicated by sufx -hydrate after name of ionic compound
CoCl2 6H2 O = cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate CaSO4 ! H2 O = calcium sulfate hemihydrate

Hydrate CoCl2 6H2O

Anhydrous CoCl2

Practice
1. What is the formula of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate? 2. What is the name of NiCl26H2O?

3.3 Write the formula and name for molecular compounds [Readings 3.5 Problems 49-64]

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Writing Names of Binary Molecular Compounds of 2 Nonmetals

1. Write name of rst element in formula
element furthest left and down on the Periodic Table use the full name of the element

2. Writes name the second element in the formula with an -ide sufx
as if it were an anion, however, remember these compounds do not contain ions!

3. Use a prex in front of each name to indicate the number of atoms

a) Never use the prex mono- on the rst element

Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

55

Subscript - Prexes
1 = mono not used on rst nonmetal

2 = di3 = tri4 = tetra5 = penta-

6 = hexa7 = hepta8 = octa9 = nona10 = deca-

drop last a if name begins with vowel

Example Naming Binary Molecular

BF3
1. 2. 3. 4.

Name the rst element Name the second element with an ide Add a prex to each name to indicate the subscript Write the rst element with prex, then the second element with prex
Drop prex mono from rst element

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Name the following

1. NO2 2. PCl5 3. I2F 7

Example Binary Molecular dinitrogen pentoxide

Identify the symbols of the elements nitrogen = N oxide = oxygen = O Write the formula using prex number for subscript di = 2, penta = 5 N2O5

Write formulas for the following

1. dinitrogen tetroxide

2. sulfur hexauoride

3. diarsenic trisulde

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Acids
acids are molecular compounds that form H+ when dissolved in water
to indicate the compound is dissolved in water (aq) is written after the formula
not named as acid if not dissolved in water

sour taste dissolve many metals

like Zn, Fe, Mg; but not Au, Ag, Pt

formula generally starts with H

e.g., HCl, H2SO4

Acids
Contain anion H+1 cation and
in aqueous solution

Binary acids have H+1 cation and nonmetal anion Oxyacids have H+1 cation and polyatomic anion

Naming Binary Acids

write a hydro prex follow with the nonmetal name change ending on nonmetal name to ic write the word acid at the end of the name

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Example - Naming Binary Acids HCl(aq)

1. Identify the anion 2. Name the anion with an ic sufx 3. Add a hydro- prex to the anion name 4. Add the word acid to the end

Naming Oxyacids
if polyatomic ion name ends in ate, then change ending to ic sufx if polyatomic ion name ends in ite, then change ending to ous sufx write word acid at end of all names

Example Naming Oxyacids H2SO4(aq)

1. Identify the anion 2. If the anion has ate sufx, change it to ic. If the anion has ite sufx, change it to -ous 3. Write the name of the anion followed by the word acid

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Example Naming Oxyacids H2SO3(aq)

1. Identify the anion 2. If the anion has ate sufx, change it to ic. If the anion has ite sufx, change it to -ous 3. Write the name of the anion followed by the word acid

Name the following

1. H2S 2. HClO3 3. HNO2

Writing Formulas for Acids

when name ends in acid, formulas starts with H write formulas as if ionic, even though it is molecular hydro prex means it is binary acid, no prex means it is an oxyacid for oxyacid, if ending is ic, polyatomic ion ends in ate; if ending is ous, polyatomic ion ends in ous

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Example Binary Acids hydrosulfuric acid

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Add (aq) to indicate dissolved in water Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

Example Oxyacids carbonic acid

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge Write the symbol for the anion and its charge Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion Add (aq) to indicate dissolved in water Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

Example Oxyacids sulfurous acid

1. Write the symbol for the cation and its charge 2. Write the symbol for the anion and its charge 3. Charge (without sign) becomes subscript for other ion 4. Add (aq) to indicate dissolved in water 5. Check that the total charge of the cations cancels the total charge of the anions

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Practice - What are the formulas for the following acids? 1. chlorous acid

2. phosphoric acid

3. hydrobromic acid

3.4 Calculate mass percent of an element in a compound. Use mass percent as a conversion factor. [Reading 3.8 Problems 65-73]

Formula Mass
the mass of an individual molecule or formula unit The mass is taken from the Periodic Table also known as molecular mass or molecular weight Add the masses of the atoms in a single molecule or formula unit mass of 1 molecule of H2O = 2(1.01 amu H) + 16.00 amu O = 18.02 amu

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Molar Mass of Compounds

the relative masses of molecules can be calculated from atomic masses Formula Mass = 1 molecule of H2O = 2(1.01 amu H) + 16.00 amu O = 18.02 amu since 1 mole of H2O contains 2 moles of H and 1 mole of O Molar Mass = 1 mole H2O = 2(1.01 g H) + 16.00 g O = 18.02 g so the Molar Mass of H2O is 18.02 g/mole

Example Find the number of CO2 molecules in 10.8 g of dry ice

Given: Find: Concept Plan: 10.8 g CO2 molecules CO2 g CO2 mol CO2 molec CO2

Relationships: Solution:

1 mol CO2 = 44.01 g, 1 mol = 6.022 x 1023

Check:

Practice - Converting Grams to Molecules

How many molecules are in 50.0 g of PbO2? (PbO2 = 239.2)

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Percent Composition

Percentage of each element in a compound

By mass

1. 2.

Can be determined from the formula of the compound the experimental mass analysis of the compound The percentages may not always total to 100% due to rounding

Example 3.13 Find the mass percent of Cl in C2Cl4F2

Given: Find: Concept Plan: C2Cl4F 2 % Cl by mass

Relationships: Solution:

Check:

Practice - Determine the Mass Percent Composition of the following

CaCl2 (Ca = 40.08, Cl = 35.45)

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Mass Percent as a Conversion Factor

the mass percent - mass of a constituent element in 100 g of the compound
CCl2F 2 is 58.64% Cl by mass thus, 100 g of CCl2F 2 contains 58.64 g Cl

this can be used as a conversion factor

100 g CCl2F2 : 58.64 g Cl

Example 3.14 Find the mass of table salt containing 2.4 g of Na

Given: Find: Concept Plan: 2.4 g Na, 39% Na g NaCl g Na g NaCl

Relationships: Solution:

100. g NaCl : 39 g Na

Check:

since the mass of NaCl is more than 2x the mass of Na, the number makes sense

Practice Benzaldehyde is 79.2% carbon. What mass of benzaldehyde contains 19.8 g of C?

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

3.5 Calculate and relate moles, grams, and number of molecules in a compound. [Reading 3.8 Problems 75-78]

Conversion Factors in Chemical Formulas

chemical formulas show the numbers of atoms and molecules or moles of atoms and moles of molecules these relationships can be used as conversion factors between amounts of constituent elements and molecules
like percent composition

Example 3.15 Find the mass of hydrogen in 1.00 gal of water

Given: Find: Concept Plan: 1.00 gal H2O, dH2O = 1.00 g/ml gH gal H2O g H2O Relationships: Solution: L H2O mol H2O mL H2O moL H g H2O gH

3.785 L = 1 gal, 1 L = 1000 mL, 1.00 g H2 O = 1 mL, 1 mol H2O = 18.02 g, 1 mol H = 1.008 g, 2 mol H : 1 mol H2O

Check:

since 1 gallon weighs about 3800 g, and H is light, the number makes sense

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Practice - How many grams of sodium are in 6.2 g of NaCl? (Na = 22.99; Cl = 35.45)

3.6 Calculate the empirical formula from experimental data. [Reading 3.9 Problems 79-84]

Empirical Formula
simplest, whole-number ratio of the atoms of elements in a compound can be determined from elemental analysis
masses of elements formed when decompose or react compound
combustion analysis

percent composition

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Finding an Empirical Formula

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Percentage is the number of grams in 100 grams of compound
a) a) assume you start with 100 g of the compound use molar mass of each element

convert grams to moles write a pseudoformula using moles as subscripts divide all by smallest number of moles
" # if result is within 0.1 of whole number, round to whole number

multiply all mole ratios by number to make all whole numbers

a) b) if ratio ?.5, multiply all by 2; if ratio ?.33 or ?.67, multiply all by 3; if ratio 0.25 or 0.75, multiply all by 4; etc. skip if already whole numbers

Example 3.17
Laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass percent composition. Find the empirical formula. C = 60.00% H = 4.48% O = 35.53%

Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Write a Concept Plan:
g C, H, O

Information Given: 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: Empirical Formula, CxH yO z

mol C, H, O

mol ratio

empirical formula

Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.

Information Given: 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: Empirical Formula, CxH yO z CP: g C,H,O ! mol C,H,O ! mol ratio ! empirical formula

3.7 Given the empirical formula and the molecular weight, calculate the molecular weight. [Reading 3.9 Problems 85-90]

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Molecular Formulas
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula To determine the molecular formula you need to know the empirical formula and the molar mass of the compound

Example 3.18 Find the molecular formula of butanedione

Given: Find: Concept Plan: and Relationships: Solution: emp. form. = C2H3O; MM = 86.03 g/mol molecular formula

Check:

Practice Benzopyrene has a molar mass of 252 g/mol and an empirical formula of C5H3. What is its molecular formula? (C = 12.01, H=1.01)

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Practice with the Concept

Ibuprofen is found to contain 75.69% C; 15.51 % O; and 8.80% H by mass. What is the empirical formula of Ibuprofen?

3.8 Write and balance chemical equations. [Reading 3.10 Problems 91-100]

Chemical Equations
A chemical equation relates what we see with what is going on at the molecular level A balanced chemical equation describes symbolically a chemical reaction, or a molecular event

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Chemical Equations
An equation is balanced when all of the reactant atoms are also present in the products Formation of water reacts hydrogen and oxygen gas Both hydrogen and oxygen are diatomic H2 (g) + O2 (g) ! H2O (g) Is the reaction balanced?

Chemical Equations
A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction: Before ! After Reactants ! Products Atoms in Before ! Atoms in After Arrangement Arrangement Conservation of atoms: there are the same number and kind of atoms after a chemical reaction as before the reaction. Since atoms have a consistent weight: mass is also conserved.

Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation. Make sure that each formula is written correctly. Step 2: Adjust the coefcients to get equal numbers of each kind of atom on both sides of the arrow. Reduce to the smallest whole number ratio

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Chemical Equations
Tips 1. Balance for elements other than O and H rst. 2. Balance polyatomic ions as a group if possible 3. When elements appear in the equation separately, balance them separately. The process is TRIAL AND ERROR!!

Balancing Equations
This precipitation reaction is between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide The reaction is similar to one between cobalt(II) nitrate and sodium phosphate Write the equation

Balancing Equations
From a reaction

Conservation of Atoms: How? Adjust coefcients. Method: systematic trial and error.

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Examples
__S8 + __O2 ! __SO2 __Pb(NO3)2 +__K2CrO4 ! __PbCrO4 +__KNO3 __Cu +__HNO3 ! __NO2 +__Cu(NO3)2 +__H2O

Rules for Balanced Equations

Same number and kind of atoms on both sides. Same overall net electrical charge. Cannot change the subscripts of compounds: Only change the coefcients. Coefcients should be the lowest ratio integers. Mathematically they are similar to algebraic equations.

3.9 Write the names and formulas for simple organic compounds as well as organic functional groups. [Reading 3.10 Problems 101108]

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

the main element that is the focus of organic chemistry is carbon organic compounds contain C and H, sometimes with O, N, P, S, and trace amounts of other elements organic compounds are found in living organisms and are produced in the lab

Carbon Bonding
carbon atoms bond almost exclusively covalently Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
4 single bonds, 2 double bonds, 1 triple + 1 single, etc.

carbon is unique in that it can form limitless chains of C atoms, both straight and branched, and rings of C atoms

Carbon Bonding

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Classifying Organic Compounds

two main categories of organic compounds hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons hydrocarbons contain only C and H most fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons

Classifying Hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are called alkanes hydrocarbons containing one or more C=C are called alkenes hydrocarbons containing one or more C$C are called alkynes hydrocarbons containing C6 benzene ring are called aromatic

Naming Straight Chain Hydrocarbons

consists of a base name to indicate the number of carbons in the chain, with a sufx to indicate the class and position of multiple bonds
sufx ane for alkane, ene for alkene, yne for alkyne
Base Name methethpropbutpentNo. of C 1 2 3 4 5 Base Name hexheptoctnondecNo. of C 6 7 8 9 10

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CHM 1045 Notes Dr. Palmer Graves

Chapter 3

Functionalized Hydrocarbons
functional groups generally give a group of molecules common properties functional groups - usually replace Hs on a hydrocarbon chain generally, the chemical reactions of the compound are determined by the kinds of functional groups on the molecule

Functional Groups

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