Tarek Al Saati, J.R. Eng.
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Introduction to Petroleum
Definitions
Chemistry
History Formation Accumulation Traps Conventional and Non-Conventional oil reservoirs Petroleum Industry
Petroleum Engineering Reservoir Engineering Total E&P in two words
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A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon and other bonded compounds. Petroleum is a mix of naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds.
When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as a
liquid it is called crude oil if dark and viscous, and condensate if clear and volatile.
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Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil:
The alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons
with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2. hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n.
The cycloalkanes, also known as naphthenes, are saturated
The aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated hydrocarbons which
have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn.
Asphaltenes consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
and sulfur, as well as trace amounts of vanadium and nickel. The C:H ratio is approximately 1:1.2, depending on the asphalting source.
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The story of oil and natural gas begins far back in time as long as 500 million years ago. Over the 4.5 billion years of it's lifetime the earth has been in an extremely slow but constant process of change.
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The Petroleum Systems approach has four elements:
Biological origin of petroleum from organically rich source rocks Migration of oil and gas from source to trap Reservoir rocks that hold the gas or oil Traps and seals that allow accumulation and concentration.
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Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.
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In ancient seas, plants, animals and microorganisms abounded.
When they died they sank to the bottom of the sea where they
usually became a source of food for scavengers and decomposers. oxygen, the remains of the dead organisms did not fully decay and the accumulated material became mixed with silt and clay, to form a sedimentary deposit. zooplankton and algae, which had settled to a sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions (the remains of prehistoric terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tended to form coal).
In certain circumstances, such as highly acidic conditions or lack of
Today's oil formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric
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Over geological time the organic matter mixed with mud, and was buried under heavy layers of sediment resulting in high levels of heat and pressure (known as diagenesis). This caused the organic matter to chemically change, first into a waxy material, known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis.
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FORMING HYDROCARBONS
Burying and structuring
Marine or lacustrine environment: organic matter
Sedimentary deposit and filling
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Hydrocarbons tend to migrate upwards through the rock
unless prevented by an impermeable layer of rock (cap rock). migration of fluids is to the highest contained part of a geological structure, known as a trap.
As rock layers are often not uniformly horizontal, this
The rock in which the oil or gas lies is called the reservoir,
while the rock in which it originated is called the source rock.
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There are two types of traps - Structural and Stratigraphic
Structural Traps
Formed by a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. Main Types: Domes, anticlines, and fault traps. Tectonic forces created these structures after sedimentation and lithification.
Stratigraphic Traps
Formed when other beds seal a reservoir bed or when the permeability changes (facies change) within the reservoir bed itself. A stratigraphic trap accumulates oil due to changes of rock character rather than faulting or folding of the rock. The term "stratigraphy" basically means "the study of the rocks and their variations".
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Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form:
A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil.
A porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in.
A cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface.
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Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the
process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present.
Oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to
heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not really shales and do not really contain oil, but are usually relatively hard rocks called marls containing a waxy substance called kerogen.
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The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of
exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. maintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations.
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The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline
The industry is usually divided into three major components:
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the
Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the subsurface activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas.
Petroleum engineering has become a technical
profession that involves extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as the "low hanging fruit" of the world's oil fields are found and depleted.
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Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as:
Geophysics Petroleum geology Drilling Formation evaluation Economics
Reservoir simulation Well engineering Artificial lift systems Oil & gas facilities engineering
Petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of hydrocarbon resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
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Petroleum engineers divide themselves into three types:
Reservoir engineers work to optimize production of oil and
gas via proper well placement, production levels, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells. Production engineers manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods; and also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).
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Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering, that applies scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery.
The working tools of the reservoir engineer are: Subsurface geology Applied mathematics The basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in reservoir rock.
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Evaluate available well & reservoir data.
Make the best predictions possible to help determine the recovery potential and commerciality of a field.
Can become involved during the exploration phase or after the field has
been discovered and delineated to determine the reserves and plan development.
Analyze cash flow projections - based on hydrocarbon recovery estimations for the
field over time, price hydrocarbon will sell for & upfront field development investment.
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Other job responsibilities include:
Numerical reservoir modeling Production forecasting Well testing Well drilling and workover planning Economic modeling PVT analysis of reservoir fluids
Reservoir engineers play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost effective reservoir depletion schemes to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
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Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:
Surveillance (or production) engineering:
- Monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production and injection rates. - Using analytical and empirical techniques to perform their work, including decline curve analysis, material balance modeling, and inflow/outflow analysis.
Simulation modeling:
- Conducting reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.
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E&P
Safety & Environment
Legal Aff. DJA
North Europe
Africa
Middle East
Americas
Asia & Far East
Continental Europe & Central Asia
Geosciences
Technology Development & Operations
Strategy Business Development
R&D
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Human Ressources & Communication
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Geosciences
Administration and Cost Control Information Systems Assistance
.
Training Technical Image
Exploration Coordination CAE
Field Reserves Development VDG
New Business PN
Geoscience Technologies TG
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GSR / TG - Technologies to the service of E&P
The Geoscience Technology Division TG contributes to E&P s targets worldwide:
Reserve growth Production growth Technical costs decrease Technical excellency
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Present in more than 100 countries
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Gas and Power
Exploration & Production
Multi-Branch Player
Refining & Distribution
Chemicals
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Gas, but also Coal
Oil
Multi-Energy Player
Electricity
Renewable Energy
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TRANSVERSAL : our capacity to work together upstream,
downstream and chemicals and using our different specialities logic of others, respecting others, understanding the needs of our interlocutors, the countries in which we work, finding solutions that satisfy their needs relationship with contractors and investors. Courage is daring to propose, to imagine, to invent, to arbitrate and to ACT. criticized. We must have a team spirit. Solidarity means sharing this project and its values.
LISTENING : empathy, attention to others, understanding the
BOLDNESS : controlled risk taking, innovation in R&D, in
SOLIDARITY : our jobs are difficult, exposed, often unjustly
This TOTAL behaviour will differentiate us from our competitors and allow our successful growth in a new environment
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Thank You For Your Attention QUESTIONS???
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