Development of Oil & Gas Fields
Development Schemes (<300m)
Section 4
Tom Mangum, VetcoGray
Senior Services Training Manager
Offshore Field Development
Offshore fields are developped using :
Fixed platforms (steel or concrete) : > 90%
Floating platforms : < 10%
Surface and/or subsea wells
Comprehensive studies are necessary to select the most appropriate and cost
effective field architecture (ref. to Field development process)
Main field architecture options :
Wells
Drilling mode
Platforms
Storage and export facilities
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Field Architecture Options (1)
Wells
Surface wells
Single wells (mainly in shallow water)
Multi-wells cluster
Subsea wells
Satellite wells
Multi-wells cluster
Combination surface + subsea wells
Well profile
Vertical, deviated
Horizontal
Extended reach
Multi-drains
Selection depends on :
Platform type : fixed or floating
Reservoir geometry (extended, compact,
multi-layers, .)
Artificial lift and well intervention
requirements
Costs
Subsea satellite well
Deviated well
Extended reach well
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Field Architecture Options (2)
Drilling mode (fixed platforms)
Tender Drilling
Rig
Jack-up
Drilling Rig
Compact
Drilling Rig
Drilling deck
Max water
depth
~ 110 m
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Field Architecture Options (3)
Platforms
Fixed
Steel
Structure piled in the seabed
Or, self elevated platform
(rare)
Concrete
Floating
Semi-submersible (associated with
subsea wells only)
Tension Leg Platform TLP
(associated with surface or subsea
wells)
Fixed Steel
Platform
Fixed Concrete
Platform
Floating platforms
Selection depends mainly on :
Water depth
Type of wells (surface, subsea)
Environmental conditions (waves, wind,
current)
Topsides equipment (weight, size)
Construction strategy & constraints
(yard availability, )
Costs
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Field Architecture Options (4)
Oil storage and loading
Onshore storage and loading
Offshore storage and loading
Tanker loading at jetty (case 1)
Tanker loading from floating
buoy (case 2)
Floating storage + Tanker loading at
buoy (case 3)
Floating storage + tandem loading
(case 4)
Case 3
storage
tanker
tanker
Loadin
g buoy
Case 1
Floating
storage
Production
Plant
tanker
Case 2
storage
tanker
Floating
buoy
Case 4
Production
Plant
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Oil Storage And Loading (Examples)
Oil Storage
Tanker
Tankers loading at jetty (case 1)
Floating storage (cases 3 & 4)
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Conventional Development Scheme With Fixed Platforms
Frigg field (UK/Norway)
Wells
DP2
DP2
Gas treatment
&
compression
TCP2
TCP2
TP1
DP1
Gas
treatment
TP1
QP
Living
quarters
QP
CDP1
Norway
Wells
UK
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Conventional Development Scheme With Fixed Platforms
Ekofisk field (Norway)
Oil storage
Drilling
Living quarters
Flare
Mobile drilling rig (jack
up)
Oil processing
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Conventional Development Scheme With Fixed Platforms
Elgin/Franklin field (UK)
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Subsea Development Scheme With Floating Platform
Buchan field (UK)
Production semisubmersible
DRILL MASTER
Shuttle tanker
Exploration
well
Loading buoy
Risers
2 Satellite wells
4 wells template
Operator : BP
Location : North Sea UK
Water depth : 119 m
First Prod : 1981
Reserves : 200 MMBOE
Development scheme
7 subsea wells (2 Satellites +
4 template + 1 explo
recovered)
Floating production platform
Loading buoy
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Mixed Development Scheme With Fixed Platforms
Gullfaks field satellites (Norway)
(Gullfaks South, Rimfaks, Gullveig)
Gullfaks A
Operator : Statoil
Location : North Sea Norway
Water depth : 315 345 m
Discovery : 1979
Sanction : 1996
Development scheme :
Subsea wells tiedback to
existing subsea platform
Gullfaks A
8 subsea templates, 31 slots
Prod capacity : 125 000 b/d
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Subsea Development Scheme With Floating Platforms
Troll West field (Norway)
Troll C
Operator : Norsk Hydro
Location : North Sea Norway
Discovery : 1979
Water depth : 315 345 m
Troll B
TROLL B
Oil & gas provinces
First oil : 9/1995
21 subsea oil producers
24 subsea gas producers
Oil production : 270 000
b/d
Semi-sub production unit
TROLL C
Gas province
First gas : 1999
Prod capacity :
Oil : 190 000 b/d
Gas : 9 Mm3/d
Semi-sub production unit
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Platform Functions
Offshore platforms are used for different
functions :
Development drilling
Fluids processing
Water, gaz injection
Utilities
Living quarters
Flare
Storage
Integrated
Functions can be :
Split (one platform = one function )
Integrated (one platform = several functions )
Field examples
Split
Integrated
Oil
storage
Drilling
Living
quarters
Flare
Mobile drilling rig
(jack up)
Processing
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Fixed Platform Concepts
Two main concepts of fixed platform
Gravity based platforms
Platform stability is provided by one
compartment, filled with sand, located
at the base
Concept used for concrete platforms
Very limited number of applications :
less than 30 out of 20 000 platforms
worlwide
Tubular steel frame platforms
Structure (Jacket) piled in the seabed
Deck(s) supported by the piles
Specific concepts
Self installed platform
Recent design, few applications so far
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Fixed Steel Platform : Vocabulary
Lifted deck
Cut piled
after setting
Boat landing
Sea level
Deck
Jacket walkway
Horizontal diagonal
Conductor area
Boat landing
Jacket leg
Barge bumper
Jacket
Horizontal brace
Launch runner
Bracing stub
Vertical diagonal
Jacket leg can
Anodes
Skirt pile sleeve
Seabed
PILE
Pile anchored
In seabed
SKIRT PILE
Jacket
LAUNCH TRUSS
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Types Of Riser
Riser : vertical section of sealine between seabed and surface
Top View
Side View
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Platform Loads
Example
Water depth
Environ. conditions
Wind
Waves
Current (surface)
Tid
eStorm gap
Weights
Total
weight
Area
Upper deck
Lower deck
Topsides load
Drilling Rig
+ Marine Growth, Corrosion
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Installation And Transport Loads
Transport
Launching
!
!
Launch stresses may control
design of some structural
members
Lifting
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Piling
Forces
Different types of pile
F wind
Water
Water
Water
F wave +
current
Piles
Soil
Soil
Soil
Forces on piles at
seabed level
Classical
pile
Soil reactions
Insert pile
Skirt pile
The insert pile allows to increase the driving
depth
The skirt pile allows to reduce the diameter
of the jacket legs
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Pile Installation
Drilling
Hammering
Drilling rig
Drilling
platform
Installation barge
Main
battered pile
Jacket leg
Main
battered pile
Barge barge
Installation
Subsea
Subsea
Hammer
hammer
Soil
Drill
pipe
Cemented
pile
Skirt
Skirtpile
pile
Drilled hole
Drill bit
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Pile Driving
Pile Driving Operation
Piles
Hammers
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Pile Driving
Pile Driving Operation
Pile Drive Hammer
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Jacket Installation
Installation Of Jacket By Launching
Installation Of Self-floating Jacket
Vertical Lift
Horizontal Lift
Installation of jacket by lifting
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Jacket Installation
Transport on barge
Lifting
Launching
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Heavy Lift Vessels
Balder
Sapem 7000
Thialf
Sapem 7000
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Module Support Frame (MSF)
MSF : Interface structure between jacket and topsides equipment
Jacket piles
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Drilling Platform Topsides
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Production Platform Topsides
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Topsides Drilling & Production Platform
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
DRILLING DECK & MAIN
RIG
1. Export pipeline
2. Mud mat
3. Skirt pile sleeve
4. Skirt pile
5. Anodes
6. Conductors
7. Export riser
8. Jacket leg
9. Barge bumper
10.Boat landing
11.Riser guard
12.Motor control center &
switchgear control building
13.Escape capsule
14.Living quarters
15.Helicopter pad
16.Bulk storage
17.Mud pump package
18.Derrick
19.Flare boom
20.Lift gas compression
Production manifold
Production separator
Crude oil heater
Test & cleanup separator
Injection gas compressor
PRODUCTION DECK
21. Water injection pump
22. Generator
23. Deaerator
24. Waste heat recovery unit
25. Firewall
26. Diesel storage
27. Wellheads
28. Chemical injection skid
CELLAR DECK
34. Potable water storage
35. Emergency generator
36. Water injection charge pump
37. Media filter
38. Cooling water cooler
Cooling water surge drum
Cooling water pumps
39. Air compressor
40. Sea water pumps
41. Gas lift & water injection manifold
42. Fire water pump
43. Crude oil cooler
44. Crude oil pipeline pump
45. Electrostatic treater
46. Inlet dehydration filter separator
Glycol contactor
Outlet dehydration filter separator
47. Production water treating
48. Glycol regenerator
49. Slug catcher
50. Plated deck
51. Flare scrubber
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Concrete Platforms
Concrete platforms are gravity based
Their use has been limited essentially to the North Sea & North Atlantic
(Canada)
They are used for very large fields in severe environment necessitating
heavy topsides equipment
They also provide large oil storage capacity at the base
First concrete platforms
FRIGG TCP2
BERYL A BRENT B
BRENT D
STATFJORD A STATFJORD B STATFJORD C
Water depth (m)
118 m
140
104
140
145
145
145
Year installed
1975
75
77
76
77
81
84
Drill & Prod
Drill & Prod
Gas treatment
Drill & Prod
Drill & Prod
Drill & Prod
Drill & Prod
40
38
48
42
42
42
Peak production (bopd)
150 000
160 000
160 000
300 000
180 000
200 000
Storage capacity (Mb)
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.9
2.0
Max deck weight (tons)
28 000
24 000
21 000
24 000
50 000
50 000
50 000
Function
Nb well slots
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Concrete Platform Concepts
Monopod
Multipod
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The Different Types Of Sealines
Flowlines
Transport the fluids from the wells, located on a surface wellhead
platform or on the seabed, to the production platform
Generally small diameter (4 to 12) and short length ( up to ~10 km )
Pipelines (or trunk lines)
Transport the fluid from the production platform to the export terminal
(onshore of offshore) for loading oil tankers or to the gas utilization
center (LNG plant, power plant,)
Generally large diameter ( up to 36) and long length (several hundreds
of km)
Loading lines
Transport the fluid from the storage facility to a nearby loading facility
(buoy or other)
Generally large diameter (20 to 40)
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Sealine : General Description
A sealine generally consits in :
A steel pipe
An anti-corrosion protection (coating)
An external concrete layer to provide mechanical protection and
weight
Pipe characteristics :
Steel pipe
Concrete layer
(1 to 5 thick)
OD
WT
Steel grade : X + (ex. : X65)
External diameter OD (ex. : 32)
Wall Thickness WT ( 0.75)
Chemical composition
Resilience
Dimensional tolerances
Anti-corrosion coating
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Sealine Installation Method (Logigram)
Pipe Welding
Offshore
Pipe preparation in standard lenght :
12 m joints
24 m double joints
Transport to site :
Supply vessel
Barge
Welding and laying :
Barge 1st generation
Barge 2nd generation
Barge 3rd generation
Conventional
S lay
Shallow water
< 200 m
Onshore
Pipe preparation in long sections (up to
several km)
Transport to site :
Surface tow (with buoyancy modules)
Bottom tow
Spooled (small diameter, short
lenght)
A few connections to
perform offshore
J lay
water depth
> 200 m
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S-lay And J-lay Methods
S-lay
J-lay
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Pipe Lay Barges
Brown & Root Semac 1
Allseas Lorelay
Sapem Castoro Sei
Stena Apache
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