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Chapter 9

Reaction Stoichiometry

What is Reaction Stoichiometry???

In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backward. This is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practice it much. Sherlock Holmes, in Sir Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet

Reaction Stoichiometry - The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions.

Review: Chemical Equations

Chemical change involves a reorganization of the atoms in one or more substances. C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
reactants products When the equation is balanced it has quantitative significance: 1 molecule of ethanol reacts with 3 molecules of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of water

In Stoichiometry the equation is read as:

1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O reactants products

Mole Relations

What are mole ratios and how are they used in stoichiometric calculations?
Mole ratios are conversion factors. Mole ratios are formed using coefficients. Mole ratios will help predict amounts of Rs and Ps from a

balanced equation. Form mole ratios based on the following equation. EQUATIONS MUST BE BALANCED!!!!!!!!!!! Ex: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) Write all possible mole ratios for the above equation.

Mole Ratios
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Write all possible mole ratios for the following equations. 2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

4NH3 (g) + 6NO (g) 5N2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

2Al (s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 (g)

Mole Ratios
2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)

Mole Ratios
4NH3 (g) + 6NO (g) 5N2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

Mole Ratios
2Al (s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 (g)

Mole ratios can be interpreted as:

Are molecules conserved?? NO Particles Are particles conserved?? (Avogadros #) NO Volume (ch 10-skip) Is volume conserved?? NO Moles Are moles conserved?? NO Mass Is mass conserved?? YES Law of conservation of mass Atoms Are atoms conserved?? YES EQUATIONS MUST BE BALANCED!!
Molecules

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Reaction Stoichiometry deals with mass (quantities) relationships

Quantities can be measured in either moles or grams.

Grams are measurable in lab settings.

Take notes on all sample problems before reading

the story.

Sample Calculations: 4 General Types

Type #1: mole mol Strategy: Write given amounts above equations and molar masses below Ammonia, NH3 is widely used a s a fertilizer and in many household cleaners. How many moles of ammonia are produced when 6 mol of hydrogen gas react with an excess of nitrogen gas? 6mol excess ? mol Equation:

3H2 + N2 2NH3

?mol NH3 =

6 mol H2

2mol NH3 3mol H2

= 4 mol NH3

Type # 2: mol gram

When magnesium burns in air, it combines with oxygen to form magnesium

oxide according to the following equation: 2.00 moles ?g 40.31 g 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)

What mass (g) of magnesium oxide is produced from 2.00 mol of magnesium? ? g MgO = 2.00 mole Mg 2 mol MgO 2 mol Mg 40.31 g MgO = 80.6 g MgO 1 mol MgO

Type #3: gram mol Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774 when he heated mercury (II) oxide to decompose it to form its constituent elements. How many moles of mercury (II) oxide, HgO, are needed to produce 125 g of oxygen, O2? ?mol 125 g 2 HgO 2Hg + O2

32.00 g = molar mass

? mol HgO =

125 g O2

1mol O2 32.00 g O2

2 mol HgO 1 mol O2

= 7.81 mol HgO

Type #4: gram gram

Laughing gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) is sometimes used as an anesthetic in

dentistry. It is produced when ammonium nitrate is decomposed according to the following reaction: ?g 80.06 g = molar mass 33.0 g 18.02 g = molar mass NH4NO3 (s) N2O (g) + 2H2O (l)

How many grams of NH4 NO3 are required to produce 33.0 g of H2O? = 33.0 g H2O 1 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O 1 mol NH4 NO3 2 mol H2O 80.06 g NH4NO3 1 mol NH4NO3

? g NH4NO3

= 73.3 gNH4NO3

Type1

Moles ofGiven
Type2

MoleRatio

Moles ofWanted

Moles ofGiven

MoleRatio

Moles of Wanted

MolarMASS

Mass ofWanted

Type 3 MolarMASS Mass ofGiven

Moles ofGiven

MoleRatio

Moles ofWanted

Type4

Mass of Given

MolarMASS

Moles ofGiven

MoleRatio

Moles of Wanted

MolarMASS

Mass ofWanted

Story
Once upon a time, YOU lived in a town by the name of GIVEN. You had friends in a town nearby called ASKED FOR. One day you decided to visit your friends in ASKED FOR, but The only way to get from GIVEN to ASKED FOR was to cross the OLD MOLE BRIDGE The reason they call it the Old Mole Bridge..

Story continued
is because only MOLES are allowed to cross it. So, the only way to get to ASKED FOR is to change yourself into a MOLE And cross the bridge. Of course, you dont want to be a MOLE for any longer than you have to, So after crossing the bridge, you change yourself back, and now youve made it to ASKED FOR.

Limiting Reactant
Limiting Reactant the reactant that is

consumed (runs out) first. Limiting Reactant - limits the amounts of products formed.

Limiting Reagents - Combustion

Excess Reactant
Excess Reactant the reactant that does not run out.

Some remains at the end of the reaction.

Steps for determining limiting and excess reactants.

Write a balanced chemical equation. Identify both given quantities. Based on both given quantities, solve for one of the products twice. Cross out the larger amount of the product produced. It is not formed This indicates the excess reactant. Label the excess. The smaller amount of the product indicates the limiting reactant.

Label the limiting. The smaller amount of the product is the theoretical yield. Label the theoretical yield. Always use the limiting reactant to solve for other steps including excess reactant remaining.

Example Limiting Reactant Problem

Combining methane and steam is one way of producing hydrogen gas. CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 a. If 65.0 mol of methane are reacted with 70.0 mol steam, which is the limiting reactant? b. How many grams of hydrogen are formed? c. How many moles of excess reactant remain?

Limiting Reactant Example Set up for part a/b calculation:

65.0 mole 70.0 mole ?g

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

65.0 mole CH4 x ___________ x ___________ = gH2

70.0 mole H2O x ___________ x ___________ = gH2

Example Limiting Reactant Problem

Butane gas, C4H10, is used in lighters. It burns according to the following reaction. 2C4H10 + 13 O2 8CO2 + 10 H2O
a. When 95.0 g of butane is mixed with 250. g of oxygen gas, which is the limiting reactant? b. What mass in grams of carbon dioxide gas is formed? c. What mass in grams of excess reactant remains when the reaction is completed?

Limiting Reactant Example

Set up for part a/b calculation: 95.0 g 250.0 g ?g 2C4H10 + 13 O2 8CO2 + 10 H2O 95.0 g C4H10 x ___________ x ____________ x _____________ =g CO2 250.0 g O2 x ___________ x ____________ x _____________ =g CO2

Limiting Reactant Example

Set up for part c calculation: 2C4H10 + 13 O2 8CO2 + 10 H2O g _____________x___________x_____________= g (used in rxn) 95.0 g C4H10 (available at beginning) g C4H10 (used in reaction) g C4H10 (excess remaining)

Working a Stoichiometric Problem

6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with 4.23 grams of oxygen to produce aluminum oxide. Identify the limiting and excess reactant. First, identify reactants and products and write the balanced equation.

4 Al

+ 3 O2

2 Al2O3

a. Every reaction needs a yield sign! b. What are the reactants? c. What are the products? d. What are the balanced coefficients?

Working a Stoichiometry Problem Calculating the Limiting

6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with 4.23 grams of oxygen. Identify the limiting and excess reactants.
6.50 g 4.23 g ?g

4Al

+ 3O2 Al2O3
limiting
2 mol Al2 O3 4 mol Al 2 mol Al2 O3 3 mol O2 101.96 g Al2O3 1 molAl2 O3 101.96 g Al2 O3 = 8.99 g 1 mol Al 2 O3 = 12.3 g

excess
6.50g Al 1 mol Al 26.98 g Al 4.23 g O2 1 mole O2 32.00 g O2

?g Al2O3 =

?g Al2O3 =

Based on the past slide, if 6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with 4.23 grams of oxygen calculate the amount of excess that remains.
Always work from the limiting reactant. Ask yourself how much of the excess was needed or used.

4 Al + 3 O2
26.98 g 32.00 g

?g needed

4.23 g = l.r.

2Al2O3
26.98 g Al = 4.76g Al (needed) 1 mol Al

?gAl = 4.23 g O2 (needed)

1 mol O2 32.00 g O2

4 mol Al 3 mol O2

6.50 gram Al placed into the reaction - 4.76 gram Al (needed) 1.74 gram Al wasted = excess remaining

Yields
Theoretical yield the maximum produced from a balanced

chemical equation based on 100% efficiency.

Actual yield the amount obtained in a laboratory setting.

Never 100% due to sources of error.

Percent Yield =

actual (lab) x 100 theoretical (math)

#1 - % Yield Example Problems

Calculate the percentage yield in the following problem. The theoretical yield of a product is 50.0g and the actual yield is 41.9 g. Equation: actual (lab) x 100 theoretical (math)

Answer: 83.8 %

#2 - % Yield Example Problems

Methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is used as a fuel in alcohol-burning race cars. It can be manufactured according to the following reaction. If 34.5 g of H2 react with excess carbon monoxide, and the actual yield of CH3OH is 252.2 g, what is the % yield of CH3OH? 2H2 + CO CH3OH
two things to find the percent yield. Actual yield and theoretical yield! We have the actual, so lets use MATH to find the theoretical!
You need

#3 - % Yield Example Problems

Hydrogen cyanide gas is produced by reacting ammonia gas, oxygen gas, and methane gas according to the following reaction. If the typical yield is 89.8%, what mass of hydrogen cyanide gas should be expected if 324 g of ammonia gas are reacted with excess oxygen gas and methane gas? 2NH3 + 3O2 + 2CH4 2HCN + 6H2O
What does this problem give us? % yield! What are we looking for? Actual! We can do the math to find the theoretical, but how can we find the actual?

First, lets find the theoretical

yield!

?g HCN = 324 g NH3 1 mol NH3 2 mol HCN 27.03 g HCN 17.03 g NH3 2 mol NH3 1 mol HCN

The theoretical yield is 514 g HCN.

To find the actual yield, rearrange the % yield formula!

% yield =

actual x100 theoretical

The rearranged formula is

Actual = % yield x theoretical 100

The solution is:

Actual = (89.8) (515 g HCN) 100

463 g HCN

#4 - % Yield example problem

6.50 grams of aluminum reacts with 4.23 grams of oxygen. The excess is Al and the limiting is O2. If 7.86 g of Al2O3 are recovered in a lab setting, calculate the percent yield. 4 Al + 3 O2 2Al2O3
Actual yield = 7.86 g

First, a theoretical yield must be calculated. A theoretical yields can ONLY be determined from a limiting reactant amount. If only one product is formed, the theoretical yield has already been calculated earlier = 8.99 g Al2O3 . . L.R. 2mol Al2O3 101.96 gAl2O3 = 8.99g ?g Al2O3 = 1 mol O2 4.23 g O2 32.00 g O2 3 mol O2 1 molAl2O3 % yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 7.86 g / 8.99 g x 100 = 87.4 %