FDN456: Energy Conversion Unit 1 Energy Resources I
Dr. Amer Al-Hinai
CONTENTS
Introduction Energy Resources Conventional Power Plants Renewable Energy Technologies Environmental Considerations & Other Limiting Factors Efficiency Energy Storage
Introduction
Have you ever imagined what it could be like if there was no electricity? That would mean no lights, no air conditioning, no television, and no computers, to name a few!
Electricity has become the life-blood of the modern society.
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CONTENTS
Introduction Energy Resources Conventional Power Plants Renewable Energy Technologies Environmental Considerations & Other Limiting Factors Efficiency Energy Storage
Energy Resources
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear Renewable
Oil Coal Natural Gas
Wind Water Solar Geothermal Tidal Wave Ocean thermal Biomass
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Primary Resources
Over 99% of worldwide electric energy
Hydro Fossil Nuclear
Primary resources
Fossil Nuclear
Hydro Renewable resources
This figure is decreasing recently
Secondary resources
Wind Solar Fuel Cell Tidal Etc.
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Electricity Generated by Resources
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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Generation Capacity (US, 2011)
Conventional Hydro 7%
Other 7% Coal 30%
Nuclear 9%
Natural Gas 41%
Petroleum 6%
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Conventional Hydro
Other
Ref: US EIA, Electric Power Annual report 2010, Nov 2011
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Consumed Electric Energy (worldwide, 2002)
United States 25%
Rest of world 33%
United Kingdom 2% Brazil 3% France 3% Canada 14000 Terawatt hours 4%
China 9% Japan 7% Russia 6%
14.0*1012 kWh
India Germany 4% 4%
Consumed Electric Energy (worldwide, 2009)
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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Example1
Compute the annual electrical energy consumption per capita worldwide in 2002.
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Solution
According to the world census for 2002, the world population by the end of 2002 was about 6.3*109 people. Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide = Total world consumption/world population = 14*1012/6.3*109 = 2.22 MWh
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Fossil Fuel: Oil Reserve
Asia & Africa 11% North America 6% Europe 11% South & Central America 9% Middle East 63%
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Fossil Fuel: Consumption of Oil worldwide
South & Central America Middle East 5% 5% Europe Asia & Africa 25% 32%
North America 33%
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Oil Producers, Net Importers and Net Exporters
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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Fossil Fuel: Consumption of Oil in USA
Residential and commercial 5% Industrial 24%
Transportation 69%
Electric Pow er 2%
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Fossil Fuel: Natural Gas Reserve
Asia 8% North America 5%
Middle East 36%
Europe 38%
Africa 8%
South & Central America 5%
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Fossil Fuel: Consumption of Natural Gas
Asia Middle East 13% 8% Africa 3% South & Central America 4% Europe 41%
North America 31%
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Fossil Fuel: Producers, Net Exporters and Net Importers of Natural Gas
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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Fossil Fuel: Coal Reserve
Asia 30% North America 27%
Africa 4% Europe 37%
South & Central America 2%
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Fossil Fuel: Consumption of Coal
North America 25% South & Central America 1% Europe 21%
Asia 49%
Africa 4%
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Fossil Fuel: Producers, Net Exporters and Net Coal
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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Nuclear Fuel: Consumption
Asia 19.3% Africa 0.5%
North America 33.6%
Europe 45.8%
South and Central America 0.8%
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Nuclear Power Producers
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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CONTENTS
Introduction Energy Resources Conventional Power Plants Renewable Energy Technologies Environmental Considerations & Other Limiting Factors Efficiency Energy Storage
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Hydro Power Plant
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World's Largest Hydroelectric Plants
Name of dam Three-Gorges Itaipu Guri Tucurui Grand Coulee SayanoShushensk Krasnoyarsk Churchill Falls La Grande 2 Bratsk Location China Brazil/Paraguay Venezuela Brazil USA Russia Russia Canada Canada Russia capacity (GW) 22.5 14 10 8.37 6.50 6.40 6 5.43 5.33 4.50 Year of Operation 2011 1983 1986 1984 1942 1989 1968 1971 1979 1961
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Producer of Hydro Electricity
Ref: US IEA, 2011 Key World Energy STATISTICS, www.iea.org
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The Three Gorges Dam (China)
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Types of Hydro Power Plants
Impoundment Hydropower:
Most common type Used with high heads.
Diversion Hydropower:
Low heads. Doesnt require water storage dam Limited capacity
Pumped Storage Hydropower:
Dual action water flow system.
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Impoundment Hydropower
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Diversion Hydropower
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Diversion Hydropower
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Impoundment Hydropower
Dam Reservoir Penstock Governor
Generator Head Turbine Discharge
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Main Components of Hydropower
Dam Reservoir
Penstock Governor
Generator Head Turbine Discharge
Dam:
Reservoir:
Penstock:
It is a barrier creating lake behind the dam. The volume and height of the lake is directly proportional to the potential energy of the water that can be converted into electrical energy.
Lake behind the dam.
Large pipe that channel water from the reservoir to the turbine The water flow in the penstock is controlled by a valve called governor.
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Main Components of Hydropower
Dam Reservoir
Penstock Governor
Generator Head Turbine Discharge
Turbine:
An advanced water wheel. The electrical generator is mounted on the same turbine shaft
Generator:
It is an electromechanical converter.
Governor:
The valve that regulates the flow of water in the penstock.
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Fossil Fuel Power Plant Coal, Oil and Natural Gas
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Coal-fired power plant
Stack
Boiler
Thermal Turbine Generator
Cooling Tower
G
Condenser Pump Coal feeder
Burner
Body of water
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Thermal Power Plant
The fuel (coal, oil or gas) is mixed with pre-heated air and injected into the boiler, where the high temperature ignites the fuel.
The fuel burning produces ashes and sulfur dioxide. The ashes are filtered out from the exhaust and washed away by water.
Stack Boiler
Thermal Turbine Cooling Tower
Generator
The sulfur dioxide is washed by scrubbers.
Powerful exhaust fans drives the smoke out to the atmosphere through the stack.
G
Condenser
Pump
Coal feeder
Bur ner
Body of water
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Thermal Power Plant
Pre-heated water is pumped through the tubes covering the boiler walls. The high heat evaporates the water and generates steam, which is collected in the steam drum.
The high pressure steam drives the turbine, which has a high pressure and a low pressure stage. For some turbines the steam is reheated between these two stages. The water-cooled condenser condenses the steam into water. The water is pumped back to the boiler.
Coal feeder
Bur ner
Stack
Boiler
Thermal Turbine Cooling Tower
Generator
G
Condenser
Pump
Body of water
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Thermal Power Plant
Both, the air and the water are preheated to increase efficiency. The turbine drives the generator which produces electricity.
Stack Boiler
Thermal Turbine Cooling Tower
Generator
G
Condenser
Pump
Coal feeder
Burner
Body of water
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Nuclear Power Plant
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1400 MW nuclear power station in UAE, expected production in 2017 43
Types of Nuclear Power Plants
Fission is a process by which a heavy nucleus element such as uranium, plutonium or thorium is split into many lighter elements.
The most common fuel is uranium (plutonium is next) There are 2 main designs: pressurized water reactors (2/3) boiling water reactors. (1/3)
Fusion is a process by which two lighter elements are combined into a heavier element.
This technique is not fully developed for commercial power plant.
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Nuclear Fuel
Natural uranium is a mixture of three isotopes
U234, U235 (0.7%) and U238 (99.2%) (atomic mass)
Only U235 can fission in nuclear reactor. Enrichment process is used to increase the concentration of U235.
In nuclear power plant, the concentration is about 3-5% For nuclear weapons it is over 90%.
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Uranium Ore (0.7%)
Fuel Pellet (3.5%)
ENRICHMENT of (% U-235)
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At the nuclear power plant, the fuel assemblies are inserted vertically into the reactor vessel (a large steel tank filled with water with a removable top).
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Nuclear Fuel
U235 comes in the form of ceramic pellets about one inch in size. The pellets are inserted into tubes (~800 assemblies) and placed inside the reactor Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of
2,000 lb (907.2 kg) of coal 150 gallons (660.7 liters)of oil 17,000 cubic feet (481.4 m3) of natural gas
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Fission Process
U235 n
Fission Fragments
n
Energy
n n
Fission Fragments
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Fission Process
The newly released neutrons hit other uranium atoms causing more fissions. Whenever atoms are split, some mass is lost. The lost mass becomes energy. The amount of energy released is described by Einsteins formula: E = MC2. The heat energy produced from the fissions is the source of energy used to heat water.
M: lost mass C: speed of light E: Energy. Each fission event releases approximately 3.2*10^-11 J of Energy
Fission Control
The key to control the chain reaction is to control the amount of neutrons used in fission. This is done by inserting/removing control rods. The control rods are long and inserted inside the reactor between the fuel tubes Control rods are made of materials that absorb neutrons (boron or cadmium), limiting the amount of neutrons used in the fission process.
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Reactor Vessel
Control Rods
Water flow
Fuel: Uranium 235
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Control rods
Fuel assembly
Reactor
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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Containment Structure
Control Rods
Reactor Thermal Turbine Generator Cooling Tower
G
Condenser Reactor Vessel Pump
Pump
Body of water
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Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
Thermal Turbine Generator
Cooling Tower
Steam Generator
G
Condenser Pump
Pump
Reactor Vessel
Pump
Body of water
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Safety Measures of Nuclear Plant
The uranium ceramic pellets are placed in tubes that resist the effects of high temperature and corrosion. U-235 is diluted with non-fissionable materials, so the chain reaction tends to slow down as it gets hotter. The pellets are stacked in 12-long tubes made of zirconium, which resists heat, radiation and corrosion. The fuel is behind multiple barriers of thick steel and concrete, to guard against release of radioactivity.
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What Happens To Used Fuel?
"fission fragments left over after the atoms have split are radioactive. The fragments are cooled and stored in concrete pools lined with stainless steel. Eventually, it will go to facility for permanent disposal deep underground.
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Wet storage
Spent fuel rods are cooled down and placed in a pool (6 months) filled with dilute water solution of boric acid which absorbs some of the radiation. Then they are transferred to permanent storage facilities.
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Dry storage
Cask
Cask is a steel cylinder surrounded by concrete. It is used for both storage and transportation
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