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Chapter 12
Blood & Cardiovascular
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12.1 The Blood Vessels
The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels:
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Veins: carry blood toward the heart Capillaries: permit exchange of materials with tissues
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
arteriole
venule
b. Capillary
valve inner layer middle layer outer layer a. Artery c. Vein
Figure 12.1a, b, c
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The Arteries
The largest artery in the human body is the aorta.
Approximately 25mm wide Carries O2-rich blood from heart to other parts of body
Arteries branch off eventually into smaller arterioles
Circulation of Blood Through Body
http://youtu.be/PgI80Ue-AMo
The Capillaries
Join arterioles to venules
Play important role in homeostasis exchange of substances across thin walls
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out Wastes and carbon dioxide diffuse into Water may also leave capillaries Excess fluid picked up by lymphatic system
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Anatomy of a Capillary Bed
Copyright T he McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
artery
arteriole
O2-rich blood flow
precapillary sphincter arteriovenous shunt
venule O2-poor blood flow vein
Figure 12.2
The Veins
Veins take blood from capillary beds to the heart. Damage to valves, due to aging or disease, may lead to blood pooling in the veins.
Varicose veins, hemorrhoids are caused by veins enlarging as blood pools and becomes visible at skin surface
Due to thinner walls, veins have a greater capacity to expand
Serve as blood reservoir (70% of blood at any one time)
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Blood Cells & Factors
Red blood cells- carry oxygen to cells White blood cells (Leukocytes)- fight infection
Platelets (thrombocytes) -Involved in the
process of clotting
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
fibrin threads
red blood cell
b . Blood clot
4,400
Blood Clotting
Damage to capillary begins cascade of clotting Clot is composed of network of fibrin threads and trapped cells (40+ factors) As damage heals, plasmin breaks down the clot
Figure 12.6b
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12.3 The Human Heart
Cone-shaped muscular organ about the size of a fist Located between the lungs directly behind the sternum Tilted so apex points to bodys left
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External Heart Anatomy
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
left subclavian artery left com m on carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aorta left pulm onary artery pulm onary trunk left pulm onary veins right pulm onary artery right pulm onary veins right coronary artery inferior vena cava left atrium left cardiac vein right atrium right coronary artery left ventricle right ventricle b. right cardiac vein left cardiac vein superior vena cava aorta pulm onary trunk left coronary artery
inferior vena cava apex
a.
Figure 12.10
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12.3 The Human Heart
Four chambers:
Two atria thin-walled; pump blood to ventricles 1. Right atrium
2. Left atrium
Two ventricles thick-walled; pump blood to lungs and body 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle (Septum separates the right and left sides)
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Internal View of the Heart
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
left subclavian artery left com m on carotid artery brachiocephalic artery superior vena cava aorta left pulm onary artery pulm onary trunk left pulm onary veins right pulm onary artery right pulm onary veins
sem ilunar valve left atrium right atrium atrio ventricular (bicuspid) valve atrio ventricular (tricuspid) vave chordae tendineae papillary m uscles right ventricle septum left ventricle inferior venacava
Figure 12.11a
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Path of Blood Through the Heart
Path of Blood Through the Heart
Vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta body
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O2-rich blood to body
O2-poor blood to lungs
O2-poor blood from body
O2-rich blood from lungs
Figure 12.11b
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Path of Blood Through the Heart
O2-rich blood does not mix with O2-poor Blood must travel through the lungs to go from the right side of the heart to the left side.
The heart is a double pump.
Right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary circuit. Left ventricle sends O2-rich blood into the rest of body.
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The Pulmonary Circuit
Oxygen-poor blood from all regions of the body is collected in the right atrium. It is sent to the lungs from the right side of the heart. It returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart.
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The Systemic Circuit
Blood that is oxygen-rich returns from the lungs and is collected in the right atrium. Oxygen-rich blood is sent throughout the body except the lungs.
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12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Modern research efforts have resulted in improvements in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Plaque is the accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, such as cholesterol, beneath inner lining of arteries . Plaque interferes with blood flow by protruding into the artery lumen. Plaques can cause clots to form by allowing platelets to accumulate.
If clot breaks loose it becomes an embolus
If clot remains stationary it is a thrombus
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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
coronary artery
ulceration lumen of vessel
fat cholesterol crystals
Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
atherosclerotic plaque
Figure 12B
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Hypertension
Hypertension is high blood pressure
Usually caused by a narrowing of the arteries Age, body size, athletic conditioning can influence normal variations in blood pressure Under age 45, a pressure above 130/90mm Hg is considered abnormally high
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Effects of High Blood Pressure
http://youtu.be/pPxnIh_WTb8
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Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
Stroke is known as cerebrovascular accident
An arteriole in the brain bursts or is blocked by an embolus. Lack of O2 to brain can cause paralysis or death because brain tissue dies. Warning signs include numbness in hands or face, difficulty speaking, and temporary blindness in an eye. Strokes are more common with age.
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Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
Angina pectoris
Coronary artery is partially blocked
Squeezing or burning sensation in the chest
Heart attack (Myocardial infarction)
Vessel becomes completely blocked Portion of the heart muscle deprived of oxygen
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Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
Aneurysm - Ballooning of a blood vessel
Occurs most often in abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken the walls of vessels, leading to an aneurysm.
Bursting of blood vessels can be fatal, especially if it occurs in large arteries.
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What happens during a heart attack?
http://youtu.be/H_VsHmoRQKk
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