Chapter 9 - Transport in Animals

Ddd 9.1 Transport in Animals hh

● Circulatory system : a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
● Double circulatory system : Blood passes through the heart twice during one circuit/circulation of body

-- Functions :
1. To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells for respiration
2. To remove waste and carbon dioxide from cells
3. To provide for efficient gas exchange

-- Advantages :
1. Higher blood pressure / flow rate than a single circulation
2. Allows different blood pressure in each loop
3. Prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

The 2 circuits :

1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION (blood to and from the 2. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (blood to and from the
lungs and heart) body and heart)

-- Hepatic artery : carries oxygenated blood to liver

-- Hepatic portal vein : carries blood containing variable
amounts
of the absorbed products of digestion from the digestive
system to the liver
-- Hepatic vein : returns blood with a regulated, optimum
concentration of food substances to circulation
-- Renal artery : carries oxygenated blood w/ a high
concentration of urea to kidneys
-- Renal vein : blood with reduced urea concentration is returned
to circulation

FISH HAVE A SINGLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 Vdvd 9.2 Heart ccddc

Describe the structure of the heart, including the muscular wall and septum, atria, ventricles, valves and associated blood
vessels. Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action
of the valves

❏ The heart is a pump, made of muscle, which moves blood around the body;
❏ The muscle is constantly active and coronary arteries provide it with oxygen and glucose;
❏ State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins
❏ RIGHT side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation;
❏ LEFT side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body;
❏ There are four chambers - two atria and two ventricles;
1. The right atrium (RA) receives deoxygenated blood at low pressure from vena cava and the left atrium (LA) receives oxygenated
blood from pulmonary vein.
2. Both atria then contract to squeeze blood into the ventricles;
➢ Bicuspid valve opens when LA contracts and closes when LV contracts, forcing blood to leave through aorta, stopping backflow
from ventricles to atrium
➢ The tricuspid valve opens when RA contracts and closes when RV contracts, forcing blood to leave through the pulmonary artery,
stopping backflow from ventricles to atrium
3. The right and left ventricles then contract to squeeze the blood into arteries;
➢ Right ventricle (RV) pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery & the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta;
➢ The semilunar valves open when ventricles contract, and closes when ventricles relaxes, allowing blood to move into the arteries
and prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles when pressure falls during relaxation

❏ The left and right side of the heart is completely separated from each other by a septum; which separates oxygenated blood from
deoxygenated blood
❏ Bicuspid & tricuspid valves are atrioventricular valves, and are between atria and ventricles, while semilunar valves lead from
ventricles to arteries
 ❏ The muscle wall of the LV is much thicker than the RV because it needs to build up enough pressure and create more force to
send the blood to all the main organs (not just to the lungs) - this means a longer distance to travel
❏ Thus the blood in the aorta has a much higher pressure than in the pulmonary artery.
❏ Second highest blood pressures for vessels is in pulmonary artery → 3rd vena cava → 4th pulmonary vein
❏ Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood with the highest oxygen and lowest CO 2 concentration while pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration

Coronary heart disease

Causes Too much fat is deposited in the walls of coronary arteries, thus arteries are blocked, restricting blood flow,
causing less blood flow to cardiac muscle. As blood carries nutrients such as oxygen and glucose needed to
respire, none of these reaches the heart muscles. This might start a heart attack because muscles cannot
respire thus running out of energy, causing muscle cells to die, and the heart cannot contract efficiently to
pump blood.

Risk Factors 1. Saturated fats block coronary arteries

2. Gender - men are more likely to develop CHD
3. Smoking - nicotine damages the elasticity of arteries
4. Stress - long term stress puts strain on heart
5. Genetics
6. Age

Preventive measures More exercise, stop smoking, reduced stress

Treatment 1. Drug treatment : aspirin to thin blood, reducing risks of blood clots, and statins to reduce blood
pressure
2. Stent : a small mesh tube inserted in artery vessel to hold open the vessel, thus keeping vessel open
for improved blood flow
3. Angioplasty : a balloon inserted into artery vessel and inflated to widen artery
4. By-pass operation : blood vessel taken from another part of the body creating a bypass, as blood goes
via bypass, which replaces the blocked vessel
5. Heart transplant

Monitoring heart activity

1. Electrocardiogram : (ECG) machines are used to measure the spread of electricity across the heart during each beat.
2. A pulse is caused by an artery expanding and relaxing due to the heart pushing blood through it. Measuring pulse rate : Place
fingers on carotid pulse (on the neck) or the radial pulse (on the wrist). This is simply where the artery expands as the heart
contracts. Count the number of beats per minute.

Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.

❏ During exercise, the heart rate increases because :

➢ Nerves stimulate the heart to beat faster
➢ Muscles contract more and do more work, thus requiring more energy. Rate of aerobic respiration increases to supply more
energy.
➢ There is an increased demand for oxygen and glucose and increased removal of carbon dioxide and lactic acid, therefore with your
heart beating faster, more carbon dioxide is removed to the lungs and more oxygen and glucose are delivered to the muscles

Describing effect :
❏ As you begin exercise, your heart rate increases.
 ❏ Once you finish exercise, your heart rate starts to decrease until it returns to your resting heart rate.
(if you are describing a graph in an exam question- quote data)

*other than exercising to increase heart rate, excitement/adrenaline can also achieve the same effect

❏ Heart beats about 70 times a minute, more if you are younger;

❏ The rate becomes lower the fitter you are;
❏ Regular exercise is needed to keep the heart muscle in good tone;
❏ This results in the heart being more efficient in maintaining blood pressure and reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.

9.3 Blood and lymphatic vessels

Blood vessel Structure and how it is related to function

Artery 1.Thick, tough wall with muscles and elastic tissue,

(HIGH -- Thick to withstand blood pressure
PRESSURE) -- Muscular to withstand pressure and resist rupture
-- Elastic so that the artery can recoil to maintain blood pressure
2. Small lumen to maintain high blood pressure
3. Valves absent

*you can feel your pulse because of the stretching of an artery that passes between bone and the surface of the skin

Vein 1. Thin wall with less muscles and elastic tissue compared to arteries to ensure low blood pressure, and allows veins
(LOW to be squeezed by muscles
PRESSURE) 2. Large lumen allows great volume of blood to pass, and lowers pressure, and resistance to blood flow.
3. Valves present to prevent backflow of blood

*veins are surrounded by muscles, so when you move, muscles contract and squeeze veins. Veins need help from nearby
muscles to push blood towards heart

Capillary What are capillaries ?

❏ Tiny blood vessels that carry a blood supply to and from the body's cell
❏ Arteries deliver blood to all tissues in the body, when they arrive at a tissue, arteries divide to form arterioles,
and they divide again to form capillaries
❏ Gradually join up to form larger vessels called veins
Functions :
➢ Take blood as close as possible to all the cells in the tissues, so that substances can be exchanged between
the blood & cells
➢ Useful substances eg oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamin, water and inorganic ions, diffuse across the
capillary walls into blood
➢ Waste materials taken away from cells in tissues, hence carrying out gas exchange
 1. Thin walls for efficient diffusion of gases when gas exchange takes place
2. An extensive network for large surface for diffusion
3. Capillary cells have pores to allow substances to pass in and out of blood easily - permeable wall with no muscle and
elastic tissue
4. Narrow lumen has a small diameter, approximately one red blood cell wide, so they have to squeeze through in a
single file as they unload their oxygen

Main blood vessels :

Blood Vessel Where blood comes from ? Where blood goes to ?

Vena cava Body Heart

Pulmonary artery Heart Lungs

Pulmonary vein Lungs Heart

Aorta Heart Body

Hepatic artery Heart (aorta) Liver

Hepatic vein Liver Heart

Hepatic portal vein Stomach / intestines Liver

Renal artery Heart (aorta) Kidney

Renal vein Kidney Heart

Frfrff 9.4 Blood fffrf

Functions of components of blood

Plasma ❏ Transport of :
1. Blood cells : white, red & platelets
2. Ions
3. Hormones
4. Soluble nutrients ( eg glucose, amino acids, fats) from small intestine to organs
5. Waste products ( urea from liver to kidneys, carbon dioxide from organs to lungs )

Platelets ❏ Involved in blood clotting, whereby fibrinogen changes to fibrin from soluble to insoluble.
❏ Fibrin forms a mesh which traps bloods cells, these dry to form a scab, which closes the wound to
prevent the entry of pathogens and further loss of blood.

Red Blood Cells ❏ Transports oxygen for aerobic respiration - must be able to absorb oxygen in the lungs, pass through
narrow blood vessels, and release oxygen to respiring cells
➢ Contains Haemoglobin - a red protein that transports oxygen
➢ The nucleus is removed to give more space for haemoglobin
➢ The biconcave shape of the cell to ensure a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen
➢ Small and flexible so they can fit through narrow blood vessels

White blood cells ❏ Phagocytes :

❏ Engulf and destroy pathogens with digestive enzymes through phagocytosis
❏ They have an irregular shaped nucleus to allow them to squeeze through gaps
❏ Lymphocytes :
❏ Have a large round nucleus
❏ Recognise bacteria and viruses as foreign (antigens)
❏ After detecting the type of antigen on the pathogen, they produce specific antibodies which are
secreted. These locks onto the antigens of the pathogens, and either leads to direct destruction or
acts as markers of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
❏ Antibodies also neutralise toxins released by bacteria
❏ Produce memory cells and provide active immunity