TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A system of blood vessels with a pump
and valves to ensure one way flow of
blood.
Single circulation in fish
Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single
circulation.
This means that for every one circuit of the body,
the blood passes through the heart once.
The heart is made of one blood collecting
chamber (atrium) and one blood ejection
chamber (the ventricle) which sends blood to the
gills to be oxygenated.
The blood then flows to all parts of the body
before returning to the heart.
A diagram (single circulation)
Disadvantage of single circulation
As the blood passes through the capillaries in
the gills, blood pressure is lost (but the blood
still needs to circulate through other organs
of the body before returning to the heart to
increase blood pressure). This makes fish
circulatory system ineffient.
Double circulation in mammals
Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a
double circulation. This means that for every one
circuit of the body, the blood passes through the
heart twice.
The right side of the heart receives
deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps
it to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
(systemic circulation)
(A diagram of the heart)
https://youtu.be/EeCD_8fIzdo?
si=4PXY7gvKPIScJ5Je
Advantages of double circulation
Returning the blood to the heart after going
through the lungs, the blood pressure is
increased again before sending it to the
body; meaning cells can be supplied with
oxygen and glucose they need for
respiration faster and more frequently.
Mammalian heart
 (what is left on the diagram is actually the right hand side
and vice versa) show diagram
 The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood
from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
 The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it to the body.
 Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins and away
from the heart in arteries
 The two sides of the heart are separated by a muscle wall
called septum
 The heart is made of muscle tissue which are supplied
with blood by the coronary artery.
 (diagram; identify antrioventricular and semilunar valves)
ventricles
The ventricles have thicker muscle walls
than atria as they are pumping blood out of the
heart and so need to generate a higher pressure.
The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall
than the right ventricle as it pumps blood at a
high pressure around the entire body,
whereas the right ventricle is pumping blood at
a lower pressure to the lungs.
The septum separates the two sides of the
heart and so prevents mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.
The function of valves
 Valves prevent backflow of blood.
 Antrioventricular valves; separates atria from the ventricles. The
valve on the right side of the heart is called Tricuspid valve while the
one on the left is called bicuspid valve.
 These valves are pushed open when atria contract but when the
ventricles contract they are shut to prevent blood flowing back into
the atria.
 Semi-lunar valves are found in two blood arteries that come out of
the top of the heart.
 They are unusual in that they are the only two arteries in the body
that contain valves.
 These valves open when ventricles contract so blood squeezes past
them out of the heart, but then shut to avoid blood flowing back into
the heart.
 Blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries and returns to the
heart in veins.
Monitoring the activity of the heart
Heart activity can be monitored using ; ECG,
Measuring pulse rate, or Listening to the
sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope.
Heart rate (pulse rate) is measured in beats
per minute (bpm)
Heart rate- taking pulse rate
Breathing rate- counting no. of beats per
minute
Effect of physical activity on heart rate
To investigate the effects of exercise on heart
rate, record the pulse rate at rest for a
minute.
Immediately after exercise, record the pulse
rate every minute until it returns to the
resting rate
This experiment will show that during the
exercise the heart rate increases and may
take several minutes to return to normal.
It is important that the time over which
breathing rate and pulse rate are measured is
consistent and that individuals fully recover
before starting a new activity.
Increased physical activity results in an
increased heart rate and breathing rate.
Heart rate remains high for a period of time
after physical activity has stopped, there is a
gradual return to the resting heart rate.
Coronary heart disease
The heart is made of muscle cells that need their
own supply of blood to deliver oxygen, glucose and
other nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and
other waste products
The blood is supplied by the coronary arteries
If the coronary artery becomes partially or
completely blocked by fatty deposits called
plaques (mainly formed from cholesterol); the
arteries are not as elastic as they should be
therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood
which is being forced through them leading to
coronary heart disease.
Partial blockage- of the coronary arteries
create restricted blood flow to the cardiac
muscle cells and results in severe chest pains
called angina.
Complete blockage- of the coronary
arteries means cells in that area of the heart
will not be able to respire and can no longer
contract leading to heart attack.
(diagram & video)
Risk factors of CHD
 Poor diet; eating more saturated fats increases cholesterol
levels increasing the chance of the build up of fatty plaques.
 Stress; when under stress, hormones produced can increase
blood pressure, increasing the chance of a blockage in the
coronary arteries.
 Smoking; nicotine in cigarettes will cause blood vessels to
become narrower, increasing blood pressure which will cause
the build up of fat globules. If this happens in the coronary
artery it will cause CHD
 Genetic predisposition; studies show that people with
history of CHD in their family are more likely to develop it
themselves, suggesting it partly has a genetic basis.
 Age; the risk of developing CHD increases as you get older.
 Gender; males are more likely to develop CHD than females.
Reducing the risks of developing CHD
1. Quit smoking
2. Diet; reduce animal fat and eat more fruits
and vegetables. This will reduce cholesterol
levels in the blood and help with weight loss
if overweight.
3. Exercise regularly; helps with weight loss,
decreased blood pressure and cholesterol
levels and also help reduce stress.
Blood vessels
Assignment; read and draw the table on
page 159 of the textbook to show the
structural and functional differences between
the blood vessels.
Diagram on page 158
Important blood vessels
organ Towards organ Away from organ
heart Vena cava, pulmonary Aorta, pulmonary
vein artery
lungs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
kidney Renal artery Renal vein
liver Hepatic artery Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein
transports
deoxygenated blood
from the gut to the
liver
Components of Blood
 Components of blood are;
 Red blood cells
 White blood cells
 Platelets
 Plasma
Structure & function
component structure function
Red blood cells Biconcave disc shape Transport oxygen
containing no nucleus around the body from
but plenty of protein lungs to cells which
haemoglobin require it for aerobic
respiration
White blood cells Large cells Defend the body
containing a big against infection by
nucleus phagocytosis and
Different types have antibody production
slightly different
structures and
functions
platelets Fragment of cells Helps in in blood
clotting
plasma Straw colored liquid Transport of
digested food
Identifying white and red blood cells
 You need to be able to identify red and white
blood cells in photomicrographs and
diagrams
 Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape
with no nucleus
 White blood cells are usually round in shape
with a nucleus
Blood clotting
Platelets are fragments of cells which are
involved in blood clotting and forming
scabs where the skin has been cut or
punctured.
Blood clotting prevents continued/
significant blood loss from wounds
Scab formation seals the wound with an
insoluble patch that prevents entry of
microorganisms that could cause an
infection
It remains in place until new skin has grown
How blood clots
When the skin is broken (when there is a
wound), platelets arrive to stop the bleeding.
A series of reactions occur within the blood
plasma
Platelets release chemicals that cause
soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into
insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble
mesh across the wound, trapping red blood
cells and therefore forming a clot.
White blood cells cont’
White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system,
defending against infection by pathogenic microorganisms
There are two main types; phagocytes and lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting
pathogens
Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that
can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells
Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it
and release digestive enzymes to digest it.
They can be easily recognized under the microscope by
their multi-lobed nucleus and their granular
cytoplasm
lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic
cells and antitoxins to neutralize toxins
released by pathogens.
They can easily be recognized under the
microscope by their large round nucleus
which takes up nearly the whole cell and their
clear non-granular cytoplasm